








# LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.I 

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\ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, f 

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A THE 

CONSTITUTION 


OF TIIE 


UNITED STATES, 


WITH A COMPLETE INDEX; 


AND 




WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS, 

TO WHICH ARE APPENDED TIIE EXCEEDINGLY INTERESTING 
ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN ITEMS AND PARAGRAPHS 
IN WASHINGTON’S ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT, THAT 
HE AFTERWARDS EITHER OMITTED OR 
AMENDED. 

WITH 

A SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE OF 

THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 


BY 

JOSEPH BARTLETT BURLEIGH, LL.D. 

n 

PERMANENT STEREOTYPED EDITION. 


r III L A D E L P IT IA : 

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, 

819 & 821 Market Street. 

1872 . 












IP IR/ IB IRA.O IB 


■Z£8i 


This unique compendium of political science is designed to enlighten, harmo¬ 
nize, and advance to the highest prosperity every section ot the United States, by 
popularizing the National Constitution and the parting counsels of the Father of 
his country. These most revered of all uninspired documents were carefully and 
deliberately considered by the illustrious founders of our Government for months 
before their promulgation. The Holy Scriptures, the national compact, and the 
advice of the world’s greatest civil exemplar, form the most useful and sacred 
memorials that can be presented from one to another as a sincere token of regard 
to be handed down and treasured as anccstorial relies, and prized higher and 
higher by each succeeding generation. The Bible, by Church munificence, is made 
the birthright of every family. The supreme code of self-government, and the 
farewell address of Washington, ought, by State munificence, to be made the 
souvenir of every home. As our Commonwealth gains continental dimensions, addi¬ 
tions to the Constitution will inevitably be made to suit the progress of future 
ages, and the additional wants required by the vast augmenting territory and 
population. Washington presided at the Convention that framed the Constitution 
of the United States. He recommended it ns “the result of the spirit of amity, 
mutual deference, and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation 
rendered indispensable,” and used his utmost personal influence to secure its adop¬ 
tion. The revival of that noble spirit of self-sacrificing devotion to the best inter¬ 
ests of our whole country is more essential now than ever. The great chart of 
civil liberty and the Farewell Address of its most illustrious devotee are insepara¬ 
ble. They form a political creed as sacred to a self-governing people as the Bible 
is to a Christian nation. The antique style, the peculiar spelling, use of capitals 
and punctuation, are faithfully delineated in this Script edition. The extreme 
solicitude of Washington is exemplified in the one hundred and fifteen alterations 
he made from his original manuscript. The enchantment of curiosity is thus given 
to this most useful and sacred relic of the illustrious founders. 

The fearfully malignant disease—-total insensibility and pallor of death — is no 
more appalling to the friends of a patient than the constantly increasing depravity 
and ignorance — the stolidity of legislators — and the self-complaisance of the 
people of a republic is to true friends of rational liberty. To pass by the most 
revolting strides of vice and crime engendered by the unutterable sufferings of war 
during the past ten .years, the census of the United States proves the following 
astounding facts: — In 1810, there were in all the New England States only four¬ 
teen thousand adult people who could not read or write. In 1860, the number had 
increased to eighty-seven thousand. In New York, the number increased from 
forty-seven thousand to one hundred and twenty-one thousand; in Pennsylvania, 
from thirty-six thousand to seventy-five thousand; in Texas, from five to nine¬ 
teen thousand; and in Tennessee, from sixty-two to seventy-four thousand. In 
1870, there were in the United States over three millions of people over twenty 
years of age, making about one million five hundred thousand voters, who could 
not either read or write. Instead of diminishing, the evil is on the rapid increase 
in every State of the Union. Even in the very cradle of liberty, one of the most 
refined and enlightened cities of the world, it is estimated that there is an annual 
average of twenty thousand children, between five and sixteen years of age, who 
do not attend any school.* This Government exists only by the consent of the 
governed. Its ratio of prosperity is entirely dependent on increasing virtue 
and intelligence. Every State is responsible, through its legislators, for the 
deplorable evil of constantly growing ignorance, vice , and revolting crime. He who 
refuses voting to relieve helpless and starving children, leaves a life-long stain 
on his reputation. In reality, the legislators who are too weak-kneed to stand up 
to duty and contribute their mite by their votes to secure the certain diffusion of 
the mere rudiments of an education and a knowledge of our inestimable system of 
civil polity to every child, is only in name a successor of the immortal founders of 
our unparalleled wise system of government. The warning voice of history, the un¬ 
erring mirror of the future, proves that increasing ignorance, and the consequent 
degradation among the many, and the gradually increasing wealth and power of 


Entered, according to Act, of Congress, (n the year 1871, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, in the 
office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 


2 




























the few, are utterly subversive of every principle of free government. Of all systems j 
of civil polity, republics, from the cajolery of office-seekers and degeneracy of 
the illiterate masses, have heretofore been the most tickle and unstable. Self-ad- > 
ulation has-been pre-eminent. The proud Greeks and Romans boasted of the per¬ 
petuity of their institutions even when tottering on the brink of ruin. Monar- 
chial Prussia has advanced from an insignificant position through her wise system \ 
of free schools, and the compulsory physical and mental training of all her children, j! 
to the highest degree of renown. Ninety-four per cent, of her intelligent armies 
can read and write: hence they successfully turned the tide of invasion against 
superior numbers, only about twenty per cent, of whom could read and write, and ' 
overthrew the most warlike and haughty empire of modern times. 

Proper elementary instruction is as much the birthright of every child as its 
daily food. The inequality of the mental gifts of the citizens of a nation are sim¬ 
ilar to the inequality of the different intellectual capacities of children of the same 
family. There are always some specially favored bv nature. This very inequal¬ 
ity redounds to the greater efficiency and happiness of the Union. As wise par- 
ents use no impartiality, but cultivate the faculties of each child to the utmost, so 
it is self-evident to all, of whatever religious or political creed, that even the least i 
favored by nature have souls to exalt both in time and for eternity. This then 
makes the weak in intellect an equal, not only as an upholder or destroyer of free¬ 
dom at the ballot-box, but also as a copartner for a blissful immortality. Hence, i{ 
it is not only just, but a State is in duty bound to provide the means and require 
the instruction of all her children in the fundamental principles of rational 
government; for the renown and power of a commonwealth is best perpetuated 
by the highest possible development of all its inhabitants. 

Our model institutions are imminently endangered for the want of being properly 
understood and appreciated. Our system of civil polity is contrary to the usages 
and customs of a great majority of the nations of ancient and modern times. An j 
insignificant minority may, by continued agitation, after a series of successive turns 
of the political wheel in our Presidential elections, come into power. Antagonism 
of real or fancied local interests, in addition to the chagrin and disappointment of | 
a long dominant party, may thus give an opportunity to some ambitious general, 
a Ciesar, or a Bonaparte; to convert the popular executorship into the i-mperial 
purple. Washington attained his pre-eminent position to ennoble human nature j 
and bless the world, only by the most ceaseless, vigilant, sedulous home-training.* 
Legislative enactments shape the destiny of nations. There is an absolute positive 
necessity for a righteous law to impart, without a single exception, elementary 
instruction at the expense of a State, if need be, to every child. This will have a 
levelling tendency upward, by ennobling every humble family throughout the en¬ 
tire Union. To inspire all with the pure patriotism of Washington, every home 
should have, at the expense of a State, if necessary, the chief crowning work of 
all his labors, the Constitution, and his Farewell Address. This is the only way to 
insure the perpetuation of our inimitable just system of self-government. 

The adult pauper population sent to this country by the enemies of free govern¬ 
ment, are generally neither able to read nor write. Their idea of liberty is unre¬ 
strained licentiousness. Hence, they plunge into all manner of vice and dissipa¬ 
tion. The poor-houses and prisons of all the Atlantic cities are filled with more 
than two to one of this class. Their children—ragged and wretched, deprived, through 
lax, inefficient State laws, of their just and most precious rights, the means of 
learning how to read and write — follow in the footsteps of their parents, grow cal¬ 
lous, and become the sappers, instead of the supporters, of our inestimable free j 

institutions. It is as much the duty of legislators to protect a State against igno- i 

ranee, and its certain corollary, depravity and revolting crime, as it is against 
pestilence. It is far better to compulsorily educate, than to compulsorily imprison, ' 

1 and bring to untimely, ignoble death on the gallows. 

No wise, patriotic legislator can halt between two opinions, when the startling, |j 
astounding fact is demonstrated by the census of 1870, that the illiterate, be¬ 
nighted vote holds the balance of political power. That citizen serves God best who 
does most toward elevating and ennobling the condition of toiling millions. 
That State will stand forth in pre-eminent lustre, in the great galaxy forever, that 
first enacts and efficiently executes the statute to give every child his natural, inalien¬ 
able birthright, the means to learn how to read, understand, and appreciate the 
laws of his country and his Creator. 

* See the Thinker, Part II., pages 111, 121, 121, 128, 131, 151, 176. Also Thinker, Part III., 
pages 41, 44, 66, and 126. 1 

































• Department of State. 

Washington, Oct. 1, 1850. 

This is to certify, that Joseph Bartlett 
Burleigh's Script Edition of the U. S. 
Constitution with the Amendments , has 
been carefully collated with the originals 
in the Archives of this Department , and 
proved to be accurate in the capitals, 
orthography, text, and punctuation. 


Secretary of State. 





Chief Clerk. 


Department of State. 

Washington, October 3, 1850. 

I have carefully compared Burleigh's Script Edition of the American 
Constitution and the Amendments appended , icith the original manuscript and 
the twelve Amendments, in the order of their adoption, and have found 
that it minutely delineates the original documents, with all their peculiarities. 

It may be proper to add, that other Amendments have been proposed , but 
only the aforesaid twelve have been constitutionally ratified. 



Keeper of the Archives. 


Washington, D. C., Sept. 30, 1850. 

I have critically compared Burleigh's Script Constitution of the United 
States, and all its Amendments, with the original documents deposited at the 
Department of State , and have found them in every respect alike , even to the 
minutest particular. 

Proof-Reader in the Department of State. 


( 4 ) 












CONSTITUTION OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 


0 


The following Script is an exact copy, in capitals, ortho¬ 
graphy, text, and punctuation, of the Constitution of 
the United States of America, as proposed by the 
Convention held at Philadelphia, September 17,1787, 
and since ratified by the several States; with the 
Amendments thereto. 


Wi i] l)t people ide ^dbntled ddlalea, in 

Order la ^oim a mcze^lez^ecl tfdnion, 
ealaddcad ^icdfoce, endure damealic 
dOran^atdily, ^izovide h ide common 
defence, ^izomole ide a enezad ^If ed^aze, 
anc/ aecaze ide '0ddeaainyd ddidezly 
la otozaedved anc/ caz 0oalezily, do oz= 
c/am and ealaddidd idia dOonalilufocn 
^az ide tfdniled Sdlalea o^ Odomezica. 


article, I. 

ddeclian. /. Qdodddeyiddahve ddon/eza 
dezetn yzanled ad addde veiled in a ddon~ 
yzeod ld,e dkniledddlalea, zadtedddadd 
cordial a ddenale a?iddddeude 0le* 
zcaenla lived. 


Constitu¬ 
tion estab 
lislied by 
the People 


Of the Le¬ 
gislative 
power. 


1 * 













6 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Represen¬ 
tatives, 
how cho¬ 
sen. 


Qualifica¬ 
tion of Re¬ 
presenta¬ 
tives 


Apportion¬ 
ment of . 
Represen¬ 
tatives am] 
direct tax¬ 
es. 


tSection . 2. 0de dddou&e cjf 0lcrfeze= 
oentativcA odadd de cvm^ic4ed o^ ^y//c?n= 
dezd cdo&en evezy Aeccnd dy tde 

deo^cde tde Aevczad 0tateo, and tde 
&dectcz& m eacd & tate> 4 dadd dave tde 
0/a adipic attend zeyiidite Sdectozo 
tde mc&t numezcud 0zancd l/ie (ale 


££e, (ttt/al, 


T 


ate. 


Jt \ 0ez&on &dadd de a 03e^izeden ta - 
tive zado edadd net dave attained to tde 
Odoye o^ twenty ^tve ^IfieazA, anc/ deen 
deven dJieazA a /eitizen tde 0/nited 
0tated, and wdo odadt net, wden edected, 
de an 0n dadit ant o^ tdat 0tate m 
wdicd de ad add de cdo&en. 

0&c^iicdentativc6 and dizect 0~acted 
ddaddde afi^i oztioned ameny tde Aevezad 
0tated zadted may de tnedaded wit dm 
tdiA 0/mcn, accczdmy to t/cir ze detective 
Jf amdezd, zadtedddadd de detezmmed 
dy addmy to tde w dode 0V ^amden cj/ 








CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


7 


l 


J^ee 0P MAonA, mcPudcny tPoAe Pound to 


SPe^vtce 'ifo'i a J 


C'lin 0-- 


9 -eafiA 


, and 


ea>= 


cPudtna JPndiand ?iot taxed\ tPuiee fUfu 


o$aPPot-Pen 0* e%donA. 0Pe actuaP 


?ia= 


tr 

me^atwn ApaPP Pe made wUPin t^ee 
P^eazA a^ten tPe ^ui&t ^y/teetiny tPe 
Poonyiedd c^- tPe Pdnited PPtateA, anc/ 
met Pm eweny AuPdeyuent d/ evm ten 

P^eavd, m AttcP i_tiPkawMen ad tPey dPaPP 

Py PPaw c/iiect. PTPe jVa mPen 

PPoe^tiedentatived dPa//'net exceed one ^on 
evevy tPetity PPPouAand, Put eac P PPtate 
ApaPP Pave at PPeaAt one 0%oe^weAenta- 
tive ; and untiP aucP enamezaticn dPaPP 
Pe made, tPe PPtate 0Petu Pddam^i^ 

dPwe aPccPP Pe entitPed to cPude tPiee, 
t^/fbaddacPecActtA eeyPt, 0lPcde~ PP oPand 

and 0^ / icvidonee PPPant a ti on A one, Pocn^ 
nectecut jfeve, 0V'eiu-Pj ? o'iP Atx, Jr ^eza 
^ezAey ^oeon, 0 J ennAyPvanta eiypt, PPeP= 
au^aie one, ^JPPavyPand dice, PJevymea 


Census e» 
ery teu 
years. 









8 


CONSTITUTION OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 


Vacancies, 
how tilled. 


Represen¬ 
tatives 
choose of- 
f.Cors and 
brins im¬ 
peach¬ 
ments. 


Senate, 
how cho¬ 
sen. 


Senators 

classed. 


ten,, YYo'itf Zcaiofina ^ive, Zfoutf Zca= 
icfma ^ive, anc/ Zfeo'iyia tf'iee. 

YYfeii vacancies fa^ij/ien m tf& 0Ze- 
^iiesentaticn ^oni any Zf(ate, tfe Zocce= 
active Qt/)^ltfo^ity tfevec^ sfaff issue 
^ZYiits & Section to qfiff sucf ^Vacan¬ 


cies. 


/Tfe /Zf/Zouse o^ YZe^ivesentatives sfaff 
cfuse tfem ZZfjtieafer anc/otfen O^icezs ; 
anc/ sfaff /cave tfe scfe Z/You/en o^ 
ffm/ieacfment. 

Zfection. 3 '. ZZTfe ZYenate tfe Yfm~ 
tec/ /ftate a sfaff Ye com^ic sec/ two 

/fenato^s ^vc?n eac/Z Zf ? tate, c/Zosen Zy 
tfe ZZ/eyisfatuze tfeieo^, ^on sicc tfJZeats ; 
/ eac/Z /fenaton sfaff Yave one Zty)ote. 
ffmniec/tatefy a^ten t/Zey sfaff Ye 
assemffec/ m /consequence o^- t/Ze ^wst 
(ofecticn, t/Zey sfaff Ye c/ivic/ecf as 
equaffy as viay Ye into tfvee Zc fusses 
Ye /feats o^ tfe /fenato^s tfe ^list 


anc 


or. 





CONSTITUTION 01? TIIE UNITED STATES. 


9 


"f 


dddadt ddadd de vacated at tde &x^ina= 
tion o^ tde second d^ear, tde &eccnc/ 
dd/cvAd- at tde Sx^iitatlon tde ^oattd 
ddea'r, and tde tditd dddazM. at tde 
(oz^utation tde Aixtd tf^car', &o tdat 
one tditd may do cdo&en evety second 
0^ear j ; and dl) acan/CCeA /ia^ijtien dy 
0{r>e&.tynaticn, or otdezivide, da tiny tde 
0&ece44 o^tde ddeyi&datme any df tate ; 
tde (Executive tdeteo^ may made tem^ie~ 
taty od^i^vointment& antid tde next 
^sd/oeetmy e^ tde 0eyi&datate ? tv died 
ddadd tden ^idd 6acd 0)acanciOd. 

0do 0^et&on *4*// Ce a 0eviator 
tvdo ddadE not dave attained to tde odye 
o^ tditty 0^eaz&, and deen nine d^eaid 
a dditizen o^ tde ddnited 0°tate&, and 
tv do 6-daddnot, tv den edccted, de an Jdn= 
daditant tdat 0fate ^cr zvdied de 
ddadd de cdoAeti . 

Ee djjice 0d*tcdident o^ tde 0dnited 


<7T. 


Vacancies, 
Uow l'aled. 


Qualifica¬ 
tions '>fS»i 
nators. 


Vice rre«f 
dent to 
p-esidw 










10 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Officers of 
theSenate. 


Trial of 
impeach¬ 
ments. 


Judgment 
or. im¬ 
peach¬ 
ment 


cftated. 60a// /e 0*zeoident t/e 0en~ 
ate, /at d/a// /ave no &l)ote, tzn/edd 
t/ey Ze eyzaZ/y divided. 

0/ze Senate d/a/Z c/ude t/ezn ot/en 
00zcez6, and a /do a 0**iedident ^zzo tem= 
^zoze, in t/e Q/oZdence o^ t/e 0)tce 0 ) 'ied= 
ident, on za/en Ze d/a// exencioe t/e 
0ff c e oj^ 0%edident o^ t/e 0/nited 
Stated. 

Senate d/a// /ave t/e do/e 


0*czaen to tiy a// 0*m^z eac/men t6 . 
tyZ/en dittiny ^on t/at 0*ui^zode, t/ey 
d/a// 0e on /at/ on 004/izmaticn. 




ty/Zen t/e 0*ze6ident o^ t/e 0i:nited 
0tated id- tzied, t/ze /o/zze^- ^adtice d/aZZ 

fezedide : Q/bnd no 0*cvdon d/aZZ Ze con¬ 
victed/ zait/oizt t/ze /ocncuzzence o^ tzao 
t/zizc/o oj/ t/ze i0£em/czd ^zze&ent. 

^adyment in ///ajed. o^ 0m^zeac/^ 
onent d/a/Z net extend ^uztZen t/zan to 


zeraov-aZ j/zom 


zee, and dio^uatifica- 











CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


11 


tion to fo/d and entozt ann Wtice o 


J a y ciny 

fozion, ffzaAt or 0fzc^it anden tfe 0/ni^ 
tec/ /ftat64 : fat tfe ffazty convicted 
4 fa ff neveitfefcAd fe fiaffe anc/ dafject 
to ffndcctment, ffziaf Jfadyment and 
0* anid A men&, accczdmy to /fata. 

ffection. A-. fffe ffimed, 0/faced and 
^/f/annen o^ /ofdeny S feet ion 4 ^on £fen= 
ato%4 and 0/e^izeAentatived , 4 faff fe ^ne~ 
Aczifed in eacf fftate fj tfe /fcyiA /a. 
tine tfezeo^; fat tfe f/onyzedd may at 
amy time fy /fata made on aften Aucf 
0veyafation4 } except a4 to tfe (//faced 
o^ cftiAiny ffenatozd. 

faff addemffe at 


f/onyzedd 4> 


ean, an 


d dacf 


feadt once m evezy 
^/f/eetmy a faff fe on tfe j/izdt ^/f/on~ 
day m //Secern-fen, imfcdd l fey a faff 
fy /data a^i^tomt a dij/^ezent (/fay. 

ffection. 5(oacf fftfouAe A'faff fe 
tfe Jfadye ojf tfe /ofectiond, (f/oetaznd 


Effect o C 


Manner of 
electing 
inembe’* 
ui Con¬ 
fess.. 


Congress 

assemble 

annually 


Elections, 
how judp 
ed. 







12 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Quorum. 


At*ser>t 

members. 


Rules. 


Expulsion. 


Journals 
tr be kept 
at tl pub¬ 
lished 


\ ns and 
Navs. 


anc/ ZZ/aciZi^tcationd it a own ^Z/em* 

Zezd, a?ic/ a i_Z/ayozity eacZ dZaZZ 

condtitute a ZZiuoztcm to c/o 0/adinedd ; 
Zut a AmaZZer ZZumZer may ac/yoazn 
^zom c/ay to c/ay, anc/ may Ze autZoz- 
izec/ to com^teZ tZe qZ ttenc/ance cj/ a t. 
dent ^Z/eznZezd, m aucZ ^Z/annen, anc/ 
anc/eg^ aucZ ZZenaZttCA aA eacZ ZZZ/ouAe 
may yizovic/e. 

(EacZ ZZtZouAe ma?t determine 


z y 


tZe 


0&aZcA itd 0^zoceec/myA, ylunidZ itA 
Z/ emZezd ^on c/iAozc/ezZy 0jeZavcoun, 
anc/, witZ tZe Z/cncuzience two tZizZ, 
ecefeeZ a ^Z/emZen. 

&acZ ZZoude dZaZZZee^i a ^ouznaZ 

ltd 0^loceec/inyd, anc/ ^zom ti?ne to 
time y iuZZiaZ tZe Aame, eccce^itmy aucZ 
0 * cu t a ad may m tZem ^uc/ymcnt ze~ 
ycize Zfeczecy; anc/ tZ/e ^tjead anc/ 

0/ay a tZe ^Z/emZezd o^ eitZen 

ZZZ/ouAe on any ywedtion dZaZZ, at tZe 








CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 


IS 


e<uze o^ one ^t/Z tfo&e Z/Z/ec-ent, 
fe entered on tfe foutnaf 




effect fen fft/ouAe, c/v^zmy tfe ZZfe&= 
cion o^ ZZZonyie&c, *Aa&, ta/tfoat tfe 
ZZZon&ent o^ tfe otfen, ac/you'in ^on mo%e 
tfan tftee c/ay 4, non to any otfen ZZfface 
tfan tfat m taficf tfe tzao ff/Zoacec 
bfaff /Ze fttiny. 

ffection. 6. ST/u ZZfenatozc and ZZfe/c^ 
'le&entativec cfaffreceive a Z/Zom^ien cation 
^on tfem ZZfemtccc, to /Ze acceitamcc/ /y 
ZZSata, ana/ ylaic/ oat oj/ t/Ze ZZ^^eacu^y 
oy/ tfe ty/nitec/ /fta tec. ZZT/Zey dot/ 
cn a ff ZoaAcc, except ZZfzeacon, ZZZcfony 
a?ic/Z/fveacf o^ t/Ze Z/feace, /Ze ^wivtfeyec/ 
^zom Ofozvcct c/aziny tfem OfZttenc/ance 
at t/Ze ZZfe&cion o^tfem vec^iecttve /Z/tZZoa&ec, 
anc/ m yocny to anc/ 'letatnmy ^io??i t/Ze 
came ; anc/^on any ZZffeeec/Z on ZZZZZZefatc 
cn eitfen ff/oace, t/Zcy c-faff not /Ze 
(jae&ttonec/ in any otfen ZZf face. 


Adjourn- 

itieuls. 


Compen¬ 

sation. 


Privilege* 











14 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Members 
not ap¬ 
pointed to 
office. 


Officers of 
govern¬ 
ment can¬ 
not be 
members. 


Revenue 

bills. 


Bills to be 
presented 
to l lie Pre- 
dent. 


His pow¬ 
ers over 
them. 


0do Senator or 0\-e^iiedentative 
d-dadd, dudny tde 0ime jfor zadicd de 
mad edectec/, de a^i^iomted to any civid 
'ice under tde Qdiatdo'iity tde 

d/Z/nited /dialed, mdicd &dadd '/lave deen 
Meatec/, or tde Smodumentd mdeicc^- 
dadd dave deen enweaded dunna oucd 


d/iatv Stave Seen enweadccl auimy due 
time ; anc/ ?io 0*evdon doddmy any 
j ice under tde ddnited /dialed, ddadd 
de a *0/ emder o^ eitder d/'doude dwmy 
did Continuance m 00ice. 

/declion. y. Qdodd 0%iddd j'or vaidiny 
0/evenue d-dadd o^lylnate m tde dd/doude 
oj/0/)e^wedentatived ; dut tde Zdenate may 
^wo^iode or concur mild Odomendmentd 
ad 07i older 0Ziddd . 

&ve%7y 0)iddwdicd6-dadddavegladded 
tde dddou&e oj/ 0/e^wedent alive d and tde 
/donate, ddadd, dc^oie it deco77ie a ddatu, 
de ^we&ented to tde 0*vedident o^ tde 
0d>nited /dialed ; Jdj/dea^iiove de ddad/ jj 




















CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 


15 


diyn it, '/tut i^ not /Ze zetain it, 

zait/Z /iid 0'/Zyectiond to tiiat /Z/tZZoiiAe in 
za/Zic/Z it A'/Za//* iiave ouyinatec/, in 4c 
A/Za/Z/ 7 enter t/Ze tZ) /Zyectiond at /aye on 
t/Zeir ^ouina/’, ana/^noceec/to zecon&ic/er 
it. 0^ a/ter auc/Z 0/oeconAic/ezation tiao 
tiiizc/d o^ tiiat /Z/tZZouAe &/ia// ayiee to 
^iaAd t/Ze ZZZZi//, it A'/Za/Z/ /Ze Aent, toye^ 
t/Zer uiit/Z t/Ze ZZZ/Zyectiond, to t/Ze otiier 
///t/ZouAe, /Zy u/'/Zicii it A'/Za// /Z/ZewiAe /Ze 

zeconAic/e'zec/, anc/ ij/ a^izovec/ /Zy tzao 
t/Ztze/d o^ tiiat /Z/tcoii&e, it a/Zo,// /Zecome 

a ZZ/Zaia. 0hit m a// auc/Z ZZZaAed t/Ze 
d'Voted o^ /Zot/Z Z/icZouAeA A'/Za/'/ /e c/ete'i= 
minec/ /y yead anc/ 0/ayd, anc/ t/Ze 
0/amed ojZ t/e 0eiAond votmy ^or anc/ 
ayaindt t/Ze ZZZZZi// A/a// /Ze enteiec/ on 
t/e J^Zoama/ oj/ eac/Z /Z/Zotide leA^iect^ 
ive/y. //^ any 0Zi // d/a//not /Ze 

tiiznec/ '/Zy t/Ze 0\edic/ent zait/Zin ten 
ay a (ZZfanc/ayd eccce^itcc/^j a^ter it 


Proceed¬ 
ings on hi* 
veto. 


Bills to im 
laws if not 
returned 
in ten slay* 













10 


CONSTITUTION OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 


Joint or¬ 
ders or re¬ 
solutions 
:<» be ap¬ 
proved by 
the Presi- 
lent. 


Powers of 
Uiagrecs 


dAaAA '/lave Aeen ^I'le&enlec/ to Aim, tAe 
Afa?ne dAaAA Ae a Aam-, m AiAe ^/A/an= 
ner ad i^ Ae Aac/ dtynec/ it, unAe&d tAe 
Aoonytedd Ay tAetr oAoc/youinment ^we= 

vent ltd AAetwn, m voAicA AAa&e it 
dAaAA not Ae a AAata. 

&vevy Ozc/er, 0icdoAation / or ^Vo te¬ 
le wAtcA tAe AAoncawence tAe Senate 
anc/ AAAcude 0/e^wcde?itattved may Ae 
?zecedda / iy [e&ce^it on a (^uedtton o^ Ql/c/= 

yoewnmeni^ dAaAA Ae ^ciedentec/ to tAe 

AAiedic/ent oj/- tAe AAnitec/ AAtated; anc/ 
Ae^o%e tAe Actme dAaAA taAe 
dAaAA Ae a^i^wovec/ Ay Atm, or Aetny 
c/tda^iwvec/ Ay Aim,, dAaAA Ae 'le^caddcc/ 
Ay t ivo tAwc/d o^ tAe AAenate an A AAActtde 
o^ AAe^i'iedentativcd, ac cot Amy to tAe 
0/cuAed anc/ AAimitationd ^ttedctiAcc/ m 

tAe Aoade o^ a 0/iA/. 

AAection . §. erA AAonytedd d-AaAAAave 
AAozver 




















CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 








18 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Post roods. 


Promote 
arts and 
science. 


Inferior 

courts. 


Piracies, 

&c. 


Declare 
war. and 
make cap¬ 
tures. 


Raisa ar¬ 
mies. 


counte^jfeitiny t/Ze Sheen'll tied anc/ cii'i'ient 
ZZ/otn oj/ t/Ze 0/nitec/ ZZZta ted ; 

ZZTo esta/Z/ts/Z Z/fiost O^iced cmc/fiost 
0Zoac/d ; 

ZZ/~o ^ivomote t/Ze o^ Science 

anc/ usc^n/ Q/Zcztd, /Zy secauny ^on 0im= 
itec/ 0/imed to Qt/Zut/Zozd anc/ </Fnvcntoid 
ttZe exc/ii&tve 0Zciy/Zt to t/Zem vedetective 
^ff^iitmyd a?ic/ (ZZ/ZiscovcziCd ; 

ZZTo constitute ZZ/'^i/ZunaZd tn^euor' to 

t/Ze sa^ncme ZZZemt; 

STo c/c^me anc/yitints/Z 0^wacied anc/ 
ZZFc/omcd committee/ on l/Ze /Ziy/Z Zifead, 
anc/ 0fenced aycimst t/Ze ZZ£am o^ 03a= 
tiond ; 

ZZTo c/ec/a%e 3/ an, yiant ZZ/Zcttezd 

<_0Za%yie anc/ ZZZZe^ousaZ anc/ ona Ze 
0Zu /ed concewtny ZiZajti tunes on ZZZZanc/ 
cmc/ 3Vaten ; 

ZZTo laise anc/ sujti^ioit Qt/n?nteo ; /Zut 
no Q/Z^ino^iuation oj/ ^0/onty to t/Zat 





'CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


19 


3/de d St a/ 9 / 7 Ze ^on a Zonyen 3Ze%m t/an 
two ^y?ea%4 ; 

3Zo fenovic/e anc/ Maintain, a 3/avy ; 
3/o ma/e 3/u/d ^on t/e ffove^nment 
an c/ 3/ey a/ation t/e /anc/ anc/nciva/ 

3 f ozced ; 

/To ^ciovic/e ^on caZZiny ^ovt/c t/e 
^/f/iZitia to execute t/e ZZazad oj/ t/e 
3/nion, canine d d 3/n& a £ r zccttond anc/ 
fee/ J/nva&iond ; 

3/o ^novic/e j/on eiyamxmy, aiming, 
anc/ c/idctfi/ininy, t/e ^/f/iZitia , anc/^or 
yovezntny dacZ 3Zavt t/em ad may 

/& emJkZoycc/ in t/e 3/ezvice t/e 3/ni^ 
tec/ 3/tatcd , 'le&evvmy to t/e 3/tatcd ze^ 
d^iective/y, t/e ointment o^ t/e 

(/)^icetd ; anc/ t/e Q/o atZoiity o^ foain= 
my t/e ^/Z/iZitia accozc/iny to t/e c/id^ 

‘ ^ 


cyi'Cme ywedcuvea €y (cony'iedd ; 

3/c exe'ici&e exc/adive 3/eyidZation in 
//Z/o&cd laZatdocvc'i, oven due/ m*= 


a 


Navy. 


Rules and 
articles el 
war. 


Call out 
militia. 


Organize 
and gov¬ 
ern milit>% 


Officers 

militia. 


Exclusive 
legislation 
over seat 
of Govern 
ment. 







20 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


And over 
forts, arse¬ 
nals, docks 
&c. 


To make 
general 
laws to 
carry pow¬ 
ers Into ef¬ 
fect. 


Importa¬ 
tion of 
slaves al¬ 
lowed till 
iaiw 


fold [not exceeding ten <_sfkiAed d^naze 
ad onay, Ay AAeddion o^ ^ladicaAar 
Stated, ancA tAe oAoccefetance AAonyiedd, 

become tAe S ? eat tAe (Aovevnonent o^ 
tAe AfiitecA Aftatcd, ancA to ea>e%cide AiAe 
oAoidAozity ovev a/A AA } faced ^lu'icAadecA 
Ay tAe Afondeoit o^ tAe AfAeyidAataie o^ 
tAe Aft ate m us- AicA tAe Afaone d-AaAA 
Ae, ^or tAe flection o^ AAo^td, ^/AAaya= 
xmed, oAovdcnaAd, cAocA- ^IfavcAd, ancA otAer 

neecA^aA 0AaiAcAmyd ; - QAoncA 

ATo onafe a/A AAfaucd w AicA dAaAA\ 
Ae necedda^y ancA toiler ^or ca^^ylny 
i?ito Axecation tAe ^oocyomy 0*owevd, 
a?icA aAA otAer 0ou/ezd vedtecA Ay tAid 
AAondtitution i?i tAe (Aoveznment ojf tAe 
AAonitecA Aftatcd, or m any (Afe^iazt^ 
Acer tAevcoA. 


went or 


Afection.p. A/ Ae *d/kiynation or Af on- 
^loitation o^ d-acA AAAeidond ad any o^- 

tAe Aftated noon exidtmy dAaAA tAinA . 


















CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


21 


fwo^ier to ac/mit, &/i*aZZ not Ze ^iw/iZ* 
itec/ Zy t/e ZZonyze&d ^tuor to t/e < Z^ear 
one tZou&anc/ eiyZt Zan^ec/ cmc/ eiy/zt, 
Zat a 0~ax on c/aty may Ze im^io&ec/ 
on &acZ /Zmjfioztation, not exceec/iny ten 
c/o/Zcw ^or eac Z 0*61 Aon. 

0Ze 0*ziviZeye o^ tZe ut o^ ZZtZa= 
Zeaa Z/ov^iad &ZaZZ ?iot Ze &ud^ienc/ec/, 
anZe&d taZen m ZZaACd 0ieZeZ/ion or 
/Znva&ion tZe yfiaZZic 0a^ety may %e= 
yaw it. 

0Zo 0/iZZ o^ O/ottainc/er or ex^io&t 
^acto ZZaza 6-Za/Z Ze ^la&ACc/. 

Jfo ZZa^iitation, or otZer c/izcct, 
0ax 0a/-/ /e Zaic/, un/e&4 in 0* wfeo'i^ 
tcon to t/e ZZend-ad or ionumezation Zeze= 
m Zr</eze c/wctcc/ to Ze taZen . 

0Zo 0~ax or (ZZaty 6-ZaZZ Ze Zaic/ 
on Q/o%ticZcd cx^ioztec/^'iom any 0fate. 

0Zo 0*'le^evence *4*tt Ze yiven Zy 
any 0/eyaZation o^ Zoommmce or 0tee= 


Haljeaa 

corpus. 


Attainder 
and ex post 
facto laws 


Direct tax 
es. 


No export 
ation duty 


Commerce 
between 
the Slate* 











22 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Money, 
howdrawn 
from Trea¬ 
sury 


To be pub¬ 
lished. 


No nobili¬ 
ty. 


Foreign 
presents 
and titles. 


Powers de¬ 
nied to the 

States. 


venue to ttze 0^oitd one Zflate oven 
t/oAe ano t/en ; non A/a// ^l)eAAe/d 

/ounc/ to, on^vom, one Z/tate, /e o//iyec/ 
to enten, c/ean, on f la y (Z/utieA in an- 
ot/en, 

Jfo ^///oney A/a// /e c/vazim om 
t/e Z/veaAuvy, /at m S/onAe^ aence o^ 
O/o^iio^cuationA mac/e /y Z/iavv ; anc/ 
a veya/an Statement anc/ Q/cccoant o^ 
t/e 0/)ecei^itd anc/ iocc^ienc/itavcA oj/ a /t 
^ia//ic <^/f/oney a/ a// Z ^luZ/iA'/ec/ 
^%om time to time. 

0So Stit/e o^ 0/o/i/Uy A/a// Z 

yvantec/ Zy t/e 0/nitec/ /Stated: Qt/nc/ 
no ZZevAon Zo/c/my any Z^ice o^ 0VO = 
j/it on Z/vuAt anc/en t/eni, a/u//, vai 
oai l/ie foment t/ie 0?ony te&d, accent 
ojf any 0'\e&ent, SmoCament, O^ice, on 
0 it/e, o^ any /zinc/ w/ateven, 'jfiom any 
CS/Ziny, 0vtnce,. on jfoveiyn /State. 

/Section. / 0. 0V o /State a/u/Z enten 







CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


23 


mlo any STzeaty, odddiance, on don- 
feedezation; yzant Sdettew ofe ^yfiai^ae 
anc/ 0&efetziAad / com <_yf&oney; emit 


d o 


'o'leai 


C7~, 

maize any limy 


dal yodd and &idven dom a S^enden m 
Payment ofe (Sdedtd; feiciAd any 03a? 
ofe Qdo Hamden, ex fecal feacto Sdaia, on 
Soaia imfeiamny tde Sddiy alien cfe don= 
tvacta, on yzant any dTit/e ofe SSodidity. 

tddo delate &dadd ; zaildoat tde don^ 
bent ofe tde donyzeaa, day any dmfeioata 
on Sdahea on jFmfeicztd on &xfeiozta, ex= 
cefeit zadat may de adaodaledy necca&azy 
feon execatmy id a inafeiection SEazaa: 


ana 


d tde net 0^zodace od add(Sdutica and' 


Jdmfeioatd, da id dy any dftale on Jdm= 
fezozta on dxfeiozta, ad add de feon t de dii ae 
ofe tde ddzeaaazy ofe tde Sdziitcd St ate a ; 
and a ddaacd Sdaiaa adadd de Audyect 
to tde 0&eviAton and dontzoad ofe tde 

7 


ddonaze&a. 


Powers de¬ 
nied to i u« 
States. 


Other pow 
ers denied 
to States. 













24 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Further 
denial of 
powers to 
^tates. 


President 

United 

States. 


Electors, 
how ap¬ 
pointed. 


0/c delate d/a// wit/out t/e ZZZon^ 
dent ( ZZony'iedd ? /ay any ZZZZaty o^ 
0o?i?iaye ? Zeefe Z/ioo^id, on ZfZi/id 
04 / an m time ZZeace, enten into a?iy 
O/oyteement on ZZZom^iact wit/ anot/ien 
Z/tate, on wit/ a ^o'leiyn 0 > owen, on 
enyaye i?i 0/an, u?i/dd actua //y 
vac/ec/ ; on m 6 tic/ imminent/™ 
ad tai/Znot ac/mit o^- c/e/ciy. 


anyen 


*d 


article. II. 

Z/ection. /. ZZ/e executive ZZewen 
d/a/ZZe vedtec/ m a 0^^edic/ent o^ t/e 
0/onitec/ ZZtated o^ Q/c meuca. ZZi/e 
/a// Zo/c/ /id 0/^ice c/uuny t/e Z/ezm 
ojf jfoun Zjica^d, anc/ ; toy ctZen wit/ t/e 
Ziice 0^ledic/ent, c/oden ^'on t/e dame 
ZZevm, Ze e/ectec/, ad ^o/Zowd 

(oacZ Zf tate d/a//a^i^iomt, i?i due/ 

*_ c/Zannen ad t/e ZZZeyid/atuze t/e^eo^ 

may c/nect, a 0/um/en o^ (o/ectovd, 









f 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


a 


25 


ezyuaZ lo l/e mZoZe Jl- aniZen 0 / /Zena~ 




loid anc/ 0k>e/wedenlalived lo to ZicZ l/e 
3°late may ve enttf/cc/ in f/tc ^cony-iesa : 


Aa 9to ZZenaloi" or 

0 7 614091 


Vi 


enlafove, or 


ZoZc/tny an 


// 9/J/l 


Jice ZZtu4l or 

0*io Jit anc/cr l/e Z/nilec//Dialed, dZaZZ 

Ze a/i an (o/eclor . . 



The Electors shnil meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one 
at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of 
alt the Persons voted for, arid of the Number of Votes for each ; which Ijist they shall sign and cer¬ 
tify. and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President 
of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall, then be counted. The. Person haring the great¬ 
est Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of 
Electors appointed; ■and if there be. more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Num¬ 
ber of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for 
President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House 
shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusino the President, the Votes shall be taken by 
Stales, the Representation from each Stale ha ving one Vote ; A quorum for this Purpose shall, consist 
of a Memlwr or Members from two thirds of the Slabs, and a Majority of all the States shall be neces¬ 
sary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest 
Number of Voles of the Electors shall be the Vice President But if there should, remain two or more 
who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President, 


ZZZe DZvtiatcdd mettle c/cleinune iZc 


tytcdd may 

fojtme o^ cZiidiny iZe ZZeclcid, ant/ iZe 

ZD) ay on taZic/i iZcy 6 3a// 7 yive iZcm 

(/Doled ; zaZicZ ZD/azy- dZaZZ Ze iZe dame 
iZionyZonl l/e ///ntlcc/ /Dialed. 

ZDc ZDeidon ecocc^il a nalaiaZ Zoin 
Z/ilmcn, on a ZZihzen oD l/e Z/nilcc/ 
/Dialed, al l/e lime ojf- l/e o/oc/o^ilton 

iZid Z/ondfo foil ion, dZa/Z Ze eZiyiZZe 


This para 

graph it* nj 
longer infcrce 
It was ren¬ 
dered till 11 and 
void by the 
12th amend¬ 
ment propo¬ 
sed at the 1st 
Session of the 
6lh Congress. 
Dec. 12, 1803, 
and adopted 
by the consti¬ 
tutional num¬ 
ber of Slates 
in 1804. Pub¬ 
lic notice of 
which WRfc 
given by the 
Secretary of 
State, Sept. 
25, ld04. 


Election 
and meet- 
ingrof elec¬ 
tors. 


Who may 
he elected 
President. 


3 












26 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


F’or Vice- 
Presid't, 
See Sec. 
icii. Am’ts. 


in case of 
removal, 
death, &c„ 
of the Pre¬ 
sident Ins 
powers de¬ 
volve on 
the Vice 
President. 


Compensa 
tion ofPre 
sideut 


to tde &0 lce 2dvcAident; neitden 

6-dadd any 2dez&on de ediyidde to tdat 
(O^j/ice zado a A a// not dave attained to 
tde odcye tdwty jfive tfj^eaid, and 
deen ^oazteen tyjleazd a 2d evident znitdin 
tde tfdnited Stated. 

2dn diaAe o^ tde 0beniova / tde 
0^'ie6 iden t jfzom O^jfice, on diA djJeatd, 
2deAiynation, on Jdnadidity to diAcdazye 
tde 2dou/ezd and (2dat ica o^ tde Aatd 
&^ice, tde 2dame ad add devodve on tde 
dJice 2dzeudent, and tde 22onyzeAd may 
dy ddaza ^izovide jfon tde 22a Ae o^ 2de= 
monad, 2d eatd, 2d eAty nation on 2dna= 
di/ity, dotd tde 2dzeAide'/it an d 2})ice 
22zc At dent, decdazmy in dat d^icen Ua// 
tdezi act ad 22 zcai dent, and Aacd (2 <f^t= 
cen &dadd act accovdmydy, anted tde 
(ddiAadidity de vemoved, on a 2dveAident 
1 ddadd de edected. 

^ d 2d zeAident &dadd, at stated 





CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


27 


0 imed, zecezve j^on Fed SFezviced, a FZom^ 
^zenAatcon, zvFccF ^FaFF nectFen Fe en* 
czeaAec/ non c/imtniAFec/ dieting tFe 0*e= 

ztoc/ ^on ivFicF Fe dFaFF Fave Feen 
eFectec/, anc/ Fe aFuFF not receive zvitFin 
tFat ZZFizioc/any otFen (omoFurnent ^zom 
tFe 0/nitec/ Stated, on any tFeen. 
0Ze^oie tie enter on tFe $ execution o^ 

Fid S^tce, Fe aFuFF taFe tFe ^oFFotcuny 

0atF on QFoj/^timation : - 

“FF c/c AoFemnFy dtvean [on a^j/tzm ^ 
tFat JF zviFF^aitF^uFFy execute t/Ze 0^= 
^tce o^ 0 J zcdtc/e?it o^ t/Ze 0/?u tec/ /Stated, 
anc/ zvi/F to t/Ze Fedt o^ my oSoFiFity, 
^cveAevve, ^z zotect anc/ c/e^enc/ t/Ze ( FZon= 
ctstation t/Ze 0/nitec/ State a.” 

/Section. £. /TFe 0 } zeAic/ent aFuFF 
Fe Z/Zommanc/en m Z/ZFiej/ o^ tFe oFczmy 
anc/ SFavy o^ tFe 0/nitcc/ /Stated, anc/ 
o^ tFe ^/F/iFitia o^ tFe acvczciF /Stated, 
ivFen caFFec/ into tFe actuaF SSezvice oj/ 


Require¬ 

ments. 


His oath. 


Powers 
and duties 
of t he Pre¬ 
sident. 








‘28 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Making 

treaties 


Appoint¬ 
ment of 
public offi¬ 
cers. 


tAe AAnitec/ AAtatcd ; Ae may 'lecyuve tAe 
Opinion, m mzitiny, tAe ^I'lincifiaA 
O^tcer m eacA tAe executive (AA) e^iavt- 
mentd, ujfion a?iy AAuAyect wAatiny to 
tAe (AAidled o^ tAeir 'led^iective (A^^iced, 
an A Ae dAaAA Aave 0^oiae / r Jo yvant 




"beti'iieved an<A AAa%Aond jfor 


'enced 


ayamd tAe A/oniteA AAiaJed, e&ce^d in 
^Aaded AAm^ieac Ament. 

AA(Ae dAa/A Aave 0^omer, Ay anA 
mil A tAe oAAvice anA AAondent t/ie 
SAenale, to maAe AT^ceatied, ^itoviAeA two 
tAizAd tAe AAenatovd jfi%ede?it concur ; 
anA Ae dAaAA nominate, anA Ay anA 
laitA tAe Q/loAvtce anA AAen&ent tAe 
AAenate, dAaAA a^ijkoint oAmAaddaAo'id, 
otAer /laAAic <_sAktnidte'i& anA AAonduAd, 
J^uAyed o^ tAe d u^ncme AAouzt, anA aAl 
otAer O^jficevd tAe Abide A AAtated, 
zaAode oAo^i^iointmentd a%e not A eve in 

otAe'iuHde faioviAeAAor, anA ta AicA dAaAA 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


29 


9e edta//9 a/ tec/ /y 9£aza : //at t/ie //on- 
yiedd may /y 9/aio- vedt t/ie Qt/^i^iomt^ 
ment o^ auc 9 tn^euor 0j/^iceid, ad t/iey 
t/iin/c ^izo^cer, in t/ie 0\eAic/ent a/o?ie, 
m t9e /c/ouztd c 9/au/, or- m t/ie ////(ceac/d 

&De^iaztmentd. 

9T9e 09zeAic/ent d/ia// 7 /tave 0*outer 
to- j/i//9 it^i a/'/ 7 9Jacancied t/iat may 


ua/iyien c/miny t/ie 


'CCCCdd 0 ' 


he 


9 


en= 


ate, 9y yvantmy ^ ommidAiond w/itcft 
d/ia/9 ex^iwe at t/ie 9nc/ o^ ttieir next 
9 7 eAAion. 

9 P ectton. 3. 9toe d9a99^zom time tc 

time yive to ttie ///onyxeAd jFn^ozmation 

t/ie 9?tate t/ie 0/nion, anc/ zecom= 
wienc/to ttieir ///ondic/ezation Atic/l ^/f/ea= 
Amed ad 9e At/a9/yac/ye neceAAazy anc/ 
ex^iec/ient; tie may, on extzaozc/nazy 
Occadiond, convene 9ot// ///(couACd, or 
ett/cer o^ t/iem, anc/ in /oade o^ /2/)iAa= 
yzeement //etiaecn t/iem, zaitti 0/eAjfiect 


Vacancies 
in office 


Further 
powers 
and dutie 
of the t -e 
sideut. 


3* 







80 


Receive 
ambassa¬ 
dors, &.C. 


( ommis- 
sioti offi¬ 
cers 


imceach- 

iwent. 


Of the Ju- 
dicial pow¬ 
ers. 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


lo ide dTime oji Qdodyoiiznmenl, de may 
adyouzn idem lo diced *-J ime ad de ddadd 
idind ^izo^ier / de ddadd weave Q/{em= 
daddadozd and older' ^inddie <_sfiinidlczd / 
de d-d add lade ddaze idal ide ddazad de 
^aild^uddy exec alec/, and ddadd ddom= 
middion add ide o^jficezd o^ ide ^ddntled 
ddlaled . 

ddechon. A. ddde (ddiedideni, ^Oice 


0^zedide?il and adt civid O^icezd ojj- 
ddniled ddlaled, ddadd de removed jfzom 
0?l ddm^ieacdmenl ^or, andddon= 
viclwn o^, dTzea&on, 03zidezy, or older 
dtyd ddztmed a?id ^/d^iddemeanozd. 

Article in. 

ddeclwn. /. d/~de yudiaad0^outer 0 
ide tfdniled df laled, ddadd de vedled tn 
one du^izeme ddouzl, and in dticd m^eztor 
ddouzld ad ide idonnzedd man dom lizzie 


zyzedd may 
lo lime ozdatn a?id edladdidd. SUe 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 


31 


0ac/yed, 7ol7 t7e ca^izeme anc/ i0e= 
zio-n TOoaitd, &7a77 7o7c/ idem 00teed 
c/auny yooc/ 07e7aviea.n, anc/ &7aT7, at 
6 latec/ 07imed, zeceive jfon t7em 07 ezviced, 
a Zoom fiend atton, za7ic7 &7a77 not 7e 

c/iminid7ec/ c/a / imy l7etn OOontiziaance in 


-ice. 


07echen. 2. 077e yic/icia7 07o men 

6-7a 77ecctenc/ to a //‘gate*, i9i d7aza anc/ 
(Sc^aity', aiidmy anc/en t7id OOondtitation, 
t7e c OOazad ofi t7e 7/nOtec/ 07tatcd, anc/ 
07zeaticd ni a c/e, on za YtcYt/udYYe mac/e, 

anc/en l7ein Q//at7onily ; - to a77 ( 77a&ed 

a0ectiny o7o?n 7addac/ozd, ot7en fiia77tc 

^/7/tnidlezd anc/ OOondaTd; - to a // 

OOaded ofi ac/niiza7ty anc/ znaiitiaie /- 

zid-c/tchon; - to OOozitzovezdted to za 7uc7 

t7e 7/nitec/ 07tated &7a777e a 07azty ; 

- to 70ontiovezdied 7etze/een lmo on znoze 

07ta ted ; - 7ctzaeezi a 07tate an 7 TOitixend 

ofi anot7en 07tale ; - 7etmeen OOihzend 

[L_- 


Concern¬ 
ing the 
Judges. 


Extent of 
the judi¬ 
cial power. 


See 

Amend¬ 
ments, 
Art. xi. 










82 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Of original 
and appel¬ 
late juris¬ 
diction ol 
the Su¬ 
preme 
Court. 


Trials by 
jury. 


Ar.d m here 
held. 


°/ di^event Sdtated, - between ditizend 

tde dame ddtate cdaimmy ddandd 
finc/er ffiantd o^ dt^^eient Stated, and 
detw-een a ddtate, or tde Sditizend tdeieo^, 
and ^oieiyn ddtated, d^itizend or s?«t. 
yectd. 

Jfn a dd ^Saded a^ectmy Qdomdadda* 
doid, otder ^Middle ^/dlcmidtevd and ddon= 
dudd, and tdode tn zadicd a ddtate ddadd 
de 0^aity, tde da^neme < tdouit ,/ta/l 
dave ouyinad Jdaiiddictton. Jdn a // 
tde otder ^(dadcd demote mentioned, tde 
dti^neme ddoait ddadd dave a^i^ieddate 
Jdaiiddictton, dotd ad to ddaia and 
ddact, laitd d ticd (occce^itiond, a?id a?ider 
dticd 0foeyudationd ad tde ddenyicdd d /a// 
made. 

dTde St 2 tad o^ addddvimed, ccecejtit in 
Sdaded ddm^ieacdment, ddadd de dy 
^my ; and dticd dTita,d ddadd de dedd 
tn tde ddtate iv-deie tde daid burned 










CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


33 


dfaff Aave. feen committee/; /at zafen 
not committee/ zaitfm a?iy /ftcite, tfe 
Zfvia f a faff fe at dacf 0face on 
0*faced ad tfe ffonyzedd may fy ffaza 
fave e/nectee/. 

ffecticn. 3. Zfze a don ayaindt tfe 
0/nitee/ Stated, d-faff condidt onfy in 
fevymy Sf an ayaindt tfern, on m ae/= 


fezmy to tfetn (onemted, yivtny tfern 
Q/fie/ ane/ ffom^ozt. 'Sfo ^zezdozi dfaff 
fe convictee/ o^ Z/zeadon unfedd o?i tfe 
Zfedtimony o<f tze>o Zf itnedded to tfe 
dame ovezt Ofoct, on on f/on^eddion 
o/ien f/oait. 


m 


CTT, 


fe f/onyvedd dfaff fave 0ozo-en to 
e/eefave tfe Zf azud fment o^Zfzeadon, fat 
no Q/fttaine/en of Zf■zeadon dfaff 


ZUOZl 


ZZozza^/ition ejf 0/fooef, on Zforj/citaie 
except e/azmy tfe ZZZi^e o^ tfe Zf } ezdcn 
attaintec/. 


L= 


2* 


C 


Treason. 


Evidenc« 


No corruji 

tion oi' 
blood 







CONSTITUTION OJ THE UNITED STATES 


Pt 


A -sts Jf 

S':i re ic- 
credited. 


Privileges 
of citizen¬ 
ship. 


Fugitives 
from jus¬ 
tice to be 
delivered 
Bp. 


avtcclC- IV. 

AAection. /. AAuAA AAaitA anc/ AA r ie= 
c/tt cAaAA Ae ycven m eacA Alate to tAe 
^luAAcc oAoctc, 0&ecobc/c, anc/ yuc/iciaA 
AAzoceeAtnyc o^ evezy otAen Atate. oAcnc/ 
tAe /oonyzecc may Ay yenezaA AAazac 
^iieccz/Ae tAe ^/f/anncn m mAicA cue A 
Q/loctc, 0&ecozc/c anc/ 0Aloceec/myc cAaAA\ 
^ an A tAe S^ect tAezeo^. 


Aection. 2, AT Ae AAiticzenc o^ eacA 
A tale cAaAA Ae entitAec/ to a AA Aztvi- 
Aeyec anc/ AmmAinittec o^ A/itizenc m 
tAe cevezaA Atatec. 

qA 0Aezeon cAaz^ec/ m any Atate 
laitA VI/beacon, AAeAony, on otAen AAzime, 
2U Ao cAaAA ^Aee j/bom ^uctice , anc/ Ae 
j/ounc/ i?i anotAen Atate, cAaAA on (Ae- 
mane/ o^ tAe executive oAoutAozity o^ 
tAe Aft ate ^zom la-AicA Ae ^Aec/, Ae c/e- 
Aivezec/ ujlc, to Ae ze?novec/ to tAe Atate 
Aaviny ^uzicc/ictton o^ tAe AAzime. 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


7 


33o 0 f etdon 3e3c/ to 3 ? etvice or 3c a= 
3oar i?i one 3late, anc/er t3e <3 a tod 
t3eteo^ y edca^uny onto anot3er, d3a3/ ; in 
3?ondcyaence o^ any 33aw or 0locya3a~ 
lion ttieiem, 3e c/i&c3atyec/ ^iom dac3 
3twice or 33a3oar, 3at &3a33 3e c/e= 

3ivetec/ a^i on 33aim o^ t/ie 0atty to 
to3cm dac3 3 ? etvice or 3£a3oar mat 
3e c/ue. 

3 ? ecticn. 3. 33eta Stated on,ay 3e 
ac/mittec/ 3y t3e ^(cconytedd into t/ud 
3knio?i; 3at no new Sftale d3a // A 
^otmec/ or electee/ tmt3m t3e J^audc/ic^ 
tion o^ any ct3er 3tate ; nor a??y .9'late 
/’e ^oztuec/ -/Cy. l/te function two or- 
mote CCtatea, or 0*attd o^ fftated, wit3= 

oat t3e 3oondent o^ t/ie id3atated c^ 
t3e 31ated concetnec/ ad toe a ad l3e 

^onytedd. 

03e 33ony tCdd d3a33 3ave 0*caver to 
'i&feode o^ anc/ma3e a 33ncec/<fa3 0l>a3ed 


a 

It- 


Fugitive 
slaves to 
be deliv 
ered up 


New 

Staten 


T» '-H.*KV 
a tat -liner 
property o! 
U. State* 













86 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Republi¬ 
can form 
of govern¬ 
ment gua¬ 
rantied to 
every 
Slate. 


Protection 
of States. 


Amend¬ 
ments to 
tliis Con- 
si itution. 


anc/ 0Z)eyu/ationd %cd^iectiny t/te STevzi= 
tovy or ot/ier 0^io^iezty /Ze/onyiny to 
t/ie ^/Znitec/ Stated; anc/ nottziny in 
t/iid /oonctitation &//a/'/ ? do condfouec/ 
ad to 0^veyac/ice any Zo/Zaimd t/te 
ty/nitec/ Zftated, or oj/ any ^laztica/ar 


Section. A . srcZe ^l/nitec/ S^tated 
d/ta//yuavantee to evezy Zftate cn t/tid 
ty/nion a 0Ze^ia/Z/ican ffi'own ffov~ 
eznment, anc/ d/ta/// yizotect eac/Z o^ 
t/tem ayatndl jFnvadion; a?zc/ on 
^ideation oj/ t/ze S/Zeytd/ataze, or o^ 
t/te (occecattve [ 20 -/ten t/te JZEcyid/ataze 
cannot /Ze convene c/^j ayatndt c/omedtic 
^ Vto/ence . 

Sirttclt* y. 

ZZZ~/Ze //Zonyzedd, whenever two t/Zmc/d 
0 ^ /Zot/Z /Z/(ZZoaded dAa/ 7 / 7 c/eem it neced= 
dazy, d/Za/Z/?^izo^iode Q/Zmenc/znentd to 








CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 


37 


lfin Joonnlilulwn, or, on l/ie Ofo^i^ifica* 
lion o^ l/ie f£eyin/altmen o^ live ifi^c/n 
o^ ife nevezalf OJ^lalen, nfaff ca // a 
Joonziezifaon ^'or ^izo^iomny Q/Jmenc/^ 
men In, iv/iicf, m eil/ier J/Jane, nfaff fe 
vafic/ lo a/ 7 / 7 Jfnlenln anc/ 00uz^ionen, an 
0^ azl o^ l Jim Joonn lilahon, zvfen vah= 
^iec/ fy l/ie OJ/eyinfalmcn if zee 

^oiizlfn o^ ife nevezaf 0lalen, or fy 
Joonvenfoonn m lfz,ee ^ocizlfn ifezeo^, an 
ife one or ife olfer i_sf/cc/e 0&afo^ 
^icahon may J?e ^czo^ionec/ fy ife Jfon= 
yvenn ; &iovic/ec/ Ilial no Ofomenc/menl 
zvficf may fe mac/e ^izior lo ife f^ear 
One ifoananc/ eiyfl fanc/zec/ anc/ eiyfl 
nfaff m any %anner a 0 ec ^ ^fe ^iznl 

anc/ ^ouzlf Jefaanen in ife 0V J mlf 
Ofecfoon ojj ife ^iznl Q/bzlicfe; anc/ 
ifal no Oflale, mil foal Jin ffonnenl, 
nfaf/" fe c/e^ivec/ o^ //n cyiaf Sfuf 
J^aye m ife Ofenale. 


Proviso 


4 









38 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Debts of 
former 
Govern¬ 
ment re¬ 
cognised 


What con¬ 
stitutes 
the su¬ 
preme law 


Judges 
hound to 
support. 


Oath of 
public offi¬ 
cers to 
support 
the Con- 
l ut u lion. 


article. Vi. 

Qdodd (ddedtd contacted and Sn~ 
yaaemenld entered into, demote tde 
Qdodo^ition tdid Constitution, d/tadd 
de ad vadtd ayamdl tde 0United dlate a 
under id id Condlitution, ad under tde 
Con^edetahon. 

dddtd Condtitution, and tde ddan/d 
o^ tde 0km ted delated tad ted ddadd de 
made in 0^utAuance tdeteo^; and a // 
ddteahed made, or mdicd Ad add de made, 
under tde Odoatdotity o^ tde diddled 
dialed, ddadd de tde da^iteme ddata 
tde d£and; and tde J^udyed in evety 
ddtale ddadd de dou?zd tdetedy, any 
dddi ny m tde Condtitation or ddoatvd 
o^ any dtale to tde Conltaty noltatld- 
dtandiny % 

dde denalotd and 0ke^iaedenta lined 
d^oie mentioned, and tde ^ydkemdeid c^ 
tde Aevetad dtate ddey iddalatcd, and 




















CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


39 


a/ 7 / 7 executive anc/yao/iccat U^icetd, i/o€/c 
t/ie ty/nitec/ Z/tated anc/ t/ie deveza/ 
/ftcited, d/ia/^/ 7 '//e //ounc/ /y 0at/c on 
Qe/o^izmation, to da^ij/iozt t/iid /cendti= 
tation; //at no ze/iyioad Zt~edt d//a// 
even //e zeyaizec/ a A a ^aa/i^tcation to 
any O^ice on ^ia//ic //Tzadt anc/en t/ie 
ty/onitec/ Sftcited. 

Article, vii. 

///~//e 0/ati^tcation o^ ttie ^//onven= 
tiond o^ none //tated, d/ia/// //e du^i= 
cient ^'on t/ie 0dta / ///id/iment o^ t/iid 
/condtitatiozi //etzaeen t/ie /ftated do zati= 
^*ymy tAe S^ame. 

bone in /convention /y t/*,e tf/nani^ 
mo ad Zcondent o^ t/ie tated ^ize= 
dent t/ie Seventeenth (/2/)ay o^ 
en in l/ie Wear ctf 



^ ean oft oan 
tcozc/ one thoadanc/ deven han= 
c/zec/ anc/ (oiy/ity deven anc/ o^ 


No reli¬ 
gious lest 


Ratifica¬ 
tion of th« 
Constitu¬ 
tion. 


When 

formed. 









40 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


i/te Jfnc/ejfienc/a?ice t/ie ^United 

Sftatea of o4> meitca t7e TTzueT^t7 3n 
witness w/ieveo^ 7Ve 7ave 7eieunto 


&a,7&CZl7ec/ OUT' Jf 


amco. 


ff? tyi^ad/iinytofi — 

anc/ (77) equity ^iom ty)izy ima 


1 'P&UA 77(7l 


am / 


tfed./Zw# -j 
^yf7)aAOac7u^ctt6 


of in 7£ana7on 



T 


0V ic/io/ad (Pi/man 
\Jt at/iameP (7ofti am 

7 


u7ad C77in< 




o 


Connecticut 
xJ^F&UA 


\<W' m &am\ 


ofin&on 


tfJ(o^7 . 


07eia ^e^^ey 


voye , r j 77'/Penman 
Q/(o Texanc/er 77(7ami/t\. 
7Vt/: £7ivmy&ton 
(Slavic/ T/jneav/ey. 
Oj.jf'™ 0^atcf&on. 


on 


^ona: 


0*enn&y/vania 


ay ton 

ffi’%an/7tm 


ST4t 


com a 4 K./idiffiin 

/* >JL 


(fO'lllA 


geo TP/ymer 

070 TFitvTfu, 


imono 













CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


41 


el aw ate 


J^atecZ jF?iyet&o& 

Ranted Wt&en 
ZPoait ^yfZetttd 
ffeo: 0Zeeacl 

ZPannmy 03ecZ^otcZjan 

^oZZn (Si)ccZZm&on 
0Zoic0atcZ 0Za&Ae/t 


^aco: 03teem 


f JZamej *y/ZsC0ZZ > en'iy 
^//Zaty/ancZ j P2Z)an e^ 0 l 0 Zte s JPenijZcr 

] a?i ^Paito// 


u 


tfjity tnca 


^oZin 03/am — 

Ranted ty/ZacZc&on 

0V/ meant 


^Petl/Z 3/ate/na- 


/foal/ P/ato/w 


ina 


y eotyia 


Attest William Jackson Secretary 


0Zcc/ d &Poffd ff^laiy/t. 
Zy/ZatyV tffiamAon 

0/Zalfec/ye 

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 
Po/atfed 0fme/ney 

&tetce 0Z3alfm < '. 
[Wiffiam 
| Q/Zofr 0Ja/cZwin 




























<12 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Proposed 
first Con¬ 
gress 
First Ses¬ 
sion March 
4th 1789. 


Rights of 
consci¬ 
ence, free¬ 
dom of the 
press, &.c. 


Fight to 
bear arms. 


Of quart¬ 
ering 
troops. 


The following articles in addition to, and amendment 
of, the Constitution of the United States of America, 
have been ratified by the requisite number of States, and, 
pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution, 
have become a part of that instrument. 


oAovticAe tAe ^izd-t ..... A/onyze&d Ja//\ 
maAe no Aciia ve&^iectmy an e&taAAi&A- 
menl o^ 'leAiycon, on ^ivoAiAitiny tAe ^ee 
ea&ici&e tAezeo^; on aAiic/ymy tAe ^tec c/cm 
A^ieecA, on o^ tAe ; on tAe 'iiyAt 
o^ tAe ^leo^iAe ^leaceaAAy to ad-bemAAe anc/ 
to petition tAe (Aoveznment ^on a vcc/zead 


at c/aieva?iced . 


/ 

oAovticAe tAe &econc/...oA) vaeAAzeyaAatec/ 
.sA/iAitia, Aei?i^ nece^&aty to tAe ceca= 
zity o^ a j/ice Aftate, tAe iiyAt o^ tAe 
fieo/cAe to Aee/i anc/ Aean Gt/zma, &AaAA 


not Ae in/iinaec/. 


nyc 

oAciticAe tAe tAncL...J<Pc AAoAc/ien 
JaAA, m time o^ fieace Ae (^uaztenec/ 
m any Aou&e, tmtAoat tAe consent 














CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


48 


t/e Owner, nor m time o^ wav, /at in 
a manner to Ze ^ivewviZec/ Zy /aw. 


Q/ovticZe t/e ^oavt/.....ZZ/e viy/t o^ 
t/e feev^i/e to /e weave m t/eir ^lev&ond, 
Zoa&ed, feafeevd, anc/ e^eetd, ayam&t an* 
vea&onaZZe wavcZed anc/ &eazave&, Ja/A 


ii 


not /o vio/atec/, anc/ no " iimianto 
Ja/A i&6ae, /at a^iovi ^ivoZaZ/e caade, 
Aa^i^iovtec/ Zy 0at/ or a^ivmatiovi, 
anc/ y<lavtica/av/y c/ewviZny t/e ^i/ace 
to /e wavc/ec/, civic/ t/e ^icvwnd or 
t/inyd to /e wazec/. 

O/oitic/e t/e ^i^t/ . *J/o ^cezwn 

w/a/Z Ze ZeZc/ to answer ^ov a capita/, 
or ot/erwiw m^amoad evime, an/e&d on 
a^ive&entment or mc/ictment o^ a (Zvanc/ 
J/avy, eacr^it in ca&ed avi&tny in t/e 
/anc/ or nav/aZ^oveed, or m t/e *m/&iZt~ 
tea, w/en in actaaZ Aevvtce in time o^ 
(War or ^laZZic c/anyer; nor JaZZ I 


Right to ba 

secure 

from 

searches, 

general 

warrants, 

&c. 


Indict¬ 
ments, 
punish¬ 
ments. &c. 
















44 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Indict 
merits, 
punish¬ 
ments, &f 


Trial in 
criminal 
cases, and 
the rights 
of a defen¬ 
dant. 


any jfie'ison Ae su/yect ^'or t/ze same 
o^ence to Ae timce ^iut tn yeo^iavc/y 

/i^e or AimA; nor sAaAA Ae com^ieA/ec/ 
in any A/ziminaA AZase to Ae a zaitziess 
ayatnst AimseA^, nor Ae c/e^zuvec/ o^ Aijf-e, 
AiAezty, or ^iio^zeity, witAoat c/ae ^wo~ 
cess o^ Aaza ; nor sAaAA ^zvivate ^zao~ 
^zezty Ae taAen ^'or jfiiiAAic use, tuit/zout 
yast comjtzensation. 

Q/io'iticAe tAe sicctA. jA?i aAAcwnu* 

naA^ivosecalions, tAe accusec/ sAaAAen= 
yoy tAe tiyAt to a s^zeec/y anc/ ^zuAAic 
tziaA, Ay an im^zavtiaA f 11 ' 1 //' °jf- 
/Atate anc/ c/istvict zaAewm tAe cvime 
sAaAA '/iave Aeen committee/, wAicA c/is= 
t'lict sAaAAAave Aeen ^z^evlOlzsAy asce^~ 
tamec/ Ay Aaza, anc/ to Ae in^otmec/ o^ 
tAe nataie anc/ cause o^ tAe accusation ; 
to Ae con^zontec/ a/itA t/ze witnesses 

to Al 


against Aim ; to Aave ( A > om^zizAso^y 


ay 


^ocess ^'or oAtamcny "j/ itnesses m 








CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


45 


Aid ^avor, and to /lave tAe Q/bddidt= 
ance o^ AAoandeA^or Aid defence. 

OdozticAe tAe deventA.. JAn AAuitd at 
common Aaia, wAeze tAe vaAne in con^ 
tzovezdy dAaAA exceec/twenty doAAazd, tAe 
ziyAt o^ tziaA Ay f &AaAA Ae feze* 

d-ewec/, and no ^'act tiled Ay a ytizy, 
dAaAA Ae otAezzaide ze-examined m any 
AAouzt o^ tAe Ahnitcd Aftated, tAan 
accozdiny to tAe znAed o^ tAe common 
Aa?sa. 

GtAzticAe tAe eiyAtA. . . Axceddive AaiA 
d Aa AA no t Ae zeyuized, nor exceddive ^med 
imploded, ?ior czueA and unudaaAjtian^ 
idAmen td i n^dieted. 

OdoiticAe tAe nintA.. AAAe enamezation 
in tAe Adondtitution , o^ ceztam ziyAtd , 
dAaAA not Ae condtzaed to deny or did= 
^lazaye otAeid zetamed Ay tAe ^leo^ide. 

Q/AzticAe tAe tent A. AAAe jfiozaezd not 

! dedyated to tAe AAnited AAtated Ay t/e 


Trials in 
civil cases. 


Bail ami 
Hues. 


Rights re¬ 
served. 


Powers re¬ 
served to 
the State*. 












46 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Proposed 
a: i he first 
session of 
the third 
(’< tigress 
March 5th. 
1701; and 
declared 
to have 
l<een adop¬ 
ted by the 
Constitu¬ 
tional 
number of 
States, 
Jany. 8th. 
1798. 

J udicial 
power. 


Ste Art. 
iii. sec. 2. 


Proposed 
Dec. 12th. 
1803; and 
declared 
tr have 
ceen adop¬ 
ted Sept. 
25th. 1801. 

Manner of 
elect ing 
the Presi¬ 
dent and 
Vice-Pres¬ 
ident. 


AAondlitation, nor ^I'loAiAited Ay it to 
tAe 3tated } Me vedewed to tAe Stated 
led^iectiveAy, or to tAe ^zeo^iAe. 

oAoiticAe tAe eAeventA % .. . 3Ae J*’ 
c/tciaA flower o^ tAe AAenited 3 tated 
dAaAA not Ae cond foiled to extend to any 
Atiit in Aaw or equity, commenced or 
^izoAecated aaamdt one o^ tAe AAnitcd 
3tated Ay Aitixend o^ anotAer 3tate, 
or Ay AAtttxend or 3 ? aAyectd o^ any 
ffioieiyn 3tate. 


oAoiticAe tAe tweA^tA .. . 3Ae (oAectoid 
dAaAA meet m tAieir ved^iective Atated , 
and vote Ay AaAAot ^'or A*wdident and 
3)tee-A*ledident, one ojA wAom, at Aeadt, 
dAaAAnot Ae an mAaAitant o^ tAe dame 
dtate wit A tAemdeAved ; tAey dAaAA name 
m tAecr ddat, lie ^le^don voted ^or ad 
A\edident, and m didtinct AaAAotd tAe 
/wi-don voted ^'or ad A\ce -A W dident, 
and tAey dAaAA maAe didtinct tidtd o^ 






















CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


47 



Manner ol 
electing 
the Presi¬ 
dent and 
Vioe-Pr ex- 
iil ?nt. 








48 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Manner of 
electing 
the Presi¬ 
dent and 
Vice-Pres¬ 
ident 




Za//ot, t/e 0*iedic/ent. 03at m c/oodiny 
t/e 0*zedic/ent, t/e voted 0a// /e ta/en 
Zy dtated, t/e ze^izedentation ^zom eac/i 
dtate Zavmy one vote; a <^uozam ^or 
t/id ^mz^iode 0a//condidt o^ a mem/er 
or mem/ezd ^zom tzao-t/izc/d oj/ t/e 
stated, a?ic/ a mayozity o^ a//t/e dtated 
0a// /e neceddazy to a c/zoice . o/onc/ 
i^ t/e /Zi/oade o^ 0&e^izedentatived d/a// 
not c/oode a 0*zedic/ent za/enever t/e 
ziy/t o^ c/oice d/a// c/evo/ve teuton 
t/em, Zc^oze t/e ^oazt/ c/ay 0 '^ <_0/azc/ 
?iecct ^o/Zozamy, t/en % t/e 0ice~0*zed^ 
ic/ent d/a//act ad 0*zedia/e?it, ad m t/e 
cade o^ t/e c/eat/ or ot/er cozidtitationa/ 

c/ida/i/ity o^ t/e 0 J zedic/ent .- 0/e 

^lezdon /avmy t/e yzeatedt nam/er o^ 
voted ad 0)ice-0zedic/ent, d/a// /e t/e 
0)ice-0*zedic/ent, i^ due/ nam/er /e a 
mayzity o^ t/e za/o/e nam/er o^ &/ect* 
ozd a.^iomtec/, a?ic/ i^ ?io ^zezdozi Zave a 







CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


49 


Tnaj'OfyUy, t/ien t/ie tn/o 

nam^etd on t/ie /cat, t/ie Senate &tia// 
c^iooAe t/ie ^ice -0^zeMc/ent; a (^uoiiim 
^or' t/ie con&i&t cj( tzvo= 

t/iizc/d tAe wtio/e nio / m^ ? er' f^fenatozd, 
anc/ a 'maJ^o^ity t/ie ti/^o/e moyn^er 
*da///e nece&baiy to a choice. 03iit 

no ^iei&on con^tctuttona/^y> me/i^fi^/e to 
t^e 0^ze&ic/ent ^e e/i^c^/e 

to t/iat tfjice - 0*zeuc/ent ttie 

tyb?iitec/ Stated. 


Agreeable to the third paragraph of Art. II. Section 
I. of the original Constitution, Congress passed a law on 
the 23rd. of January, 1845, “ that the electors of President 
and Vice-President shall be appointed in each state on 
the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of 
November of the year in which they are to be appointed. 
Provided , That each state may by law provide for the 
filling of any vacancy or vacancies which may occur in 
its college of electors when such college meets to give its 
electoral vote. And provided also , When any state shall 
have held an election for the purpose of choosing electors, 
and shall fail to make a choice on the day aforesaid, then 
the electors may be appointed on a subsequent day in 
such manner as the state shall by law provide..” 

Note. The Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution, have been numbered 
in the order of their adoption, (not as proposed). The 11th and 12th Articles were written 
on separate pieces ot parchment, and were not numbered, when proposed; they have assumed 
the above titles by their adoption. 


Manner ot 
electing 
the Presi¬ 
dent and 
Vice-Pres¬ 
ident. 


Election 
day deter¬ 
mined by 
Congress. 


Vacancies. 


In case c i 
no elec¬ 
tion. 


O 


1 ) 











AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. A. 51 


ARTICLE XIII. 

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. 

Section 1 . Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, ex¬ 
cept as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have 
been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or 
any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sect. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

RECONSTRUCTION OF STATES. 

Section 1 . All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No 
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. 
Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or 
property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person 
within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of the laws. 

Sect. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the 
several States according to their respective numbers, count¬ 
ing the whole number of persons in each State, excluding 
Indians not taxed ; but whenever the right to vote at any 
election for electors of President and Vice-President, or for 
United States Representatives in Congress, executive and 
judicial officers, or the members of the Legislatures thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being 
twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, 
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion 
or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be 
reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such State. ! 

Sect. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative! 






52 AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. A. 

in Congress, elector of President and Vice-President, or hold 
any office, civil or military, under the United States or under 
any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a mem¬ 
ber of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as 
a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or 
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re¬ 
bellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the ene¬ 
mies thereof, but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of 
each House, remove such disability. 

Sect. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United 
States authorized by law, including debts incurred for the 
payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing 
insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned ; but neither 
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any 
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, 
and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sect. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce by appro¬ 
priate legislation the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, 
or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con¬ 
dition of servitude. 

Sect. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 






INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


53 


INDEX 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


A. 

Art. Sec. Page 

Arts and Sciences, to be promoted - - - -1 8 18 

Acts, records, and judicial proceedings of each State entitled 

to faith and credit in other States - - - - 4 1 34 

Amendments to the Constitution, how made - - - 5 1 36 

“ ** made - - - — - 42 

Appointments, to be made by the President - - - 2 2 28 

Apportionment of .Representatives - 1 2 6 

Appropriations by law - -----1 9 22 

Appropriation for army, not to exceed two years - - 1 8 18 

Armies, Congress to raise and support - - - -1 8 18 

Arms, right of the people to keep and bear - - - 2 A* 42 

Assemble, people may -------1 A* 42 

Attainder, bill of, prohibited to Congress - - - 1 9 21 

“ prohibited to the States - - - - 1 10 23 

“ of treason, shall not work corruption of blood, 

or forfeiture, except during the life of the 
person attainted - -- -- 33 33 

B. 

Bail, excessive, not required ------ 8 A* 45 

Bankruptcy laws to be uniform ----- 1 8 17 

Bills for raising revenue, shall originate in the House of 

Representatives - -- -- -1 7 14 

“ before they become laws, shall be passed by both 
Houses, and approved by President; or, if dis¬ 
approved, shall be passed by two-thirds of each 
House - - - - - - - -1 7 14 

« not returned in ten days, unless an adjournment in¬ 
tervene, shall be laws - -- --17 5 

Borrow money, Congress may.1 8 16 

* A stands for Amendment. 


5 * 













54 


INDEX TO THE V. S. CONSTITUTION. 


— c. 

c. 

Art. 

Sec. 

Page 

Capitation tax, apportionment of. (See also v. Wheat. 

1 

9 

21 


317; iii. Dali. 171.)* 




Census, or enumeration, to be made every ten years 
Citizens of each State shall be entitled to the privileges 

1 

2 

7 ! 

i 


and immunities of citizens in the several States. (See 
also iv. Johns’ Chancery Reports, 430.)* 

4 

2 

34 

Claims, no prejudice to certain - - 

Claims of the United States, or of the several States, not 

4 

3 

36 


to be prejudiced by any construction of the Consti- 
tution - -- -- -- - 

4 

3 

36 

Coasting trade, regulations respecting - 

1 

8 

17 

ii 

“ no preference given - - - - 

1 

9 

21 

Coins, Congress fix value of foreign - 

1 

8 

17 

Commerce, Congress to regulate ----- 

1 

8 

17 

ii 

regulations respecting, to be equal and uniform 

1 

9 

21 

Commissions, to be granted by the President - - - 

2 

3 

30 

Common law, recognised and established - - - 

7 

Af 

45 

Congress, vested with power ----- 

1 

1 

5 

ii 

may alter the regulations of State Legislatures 





concerning elections of Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives, except as to place of choosing Sena- 





tors -------- 

1 

4 

11 

it 

shall assemble once every year - - - 

1 

4 

11 ! 

ii 

officers of Government cannot be members of - 

1 

6 


ii 

may provide for cases of removal, death, &c., of 





President and Vice President - - - 

o 

1 

26 ; 

ii 

may determine the time of choosing electors of 



| 


President and Vice President - - - 

2 

1 

25 

it 

may invest the appointment of inferior officers 





in the President alone, in the courts of law, 
or the Heads of Departments - 

2 

2 

29 

4 

may establish courts inferior to the Supreme 





Court - ------ 

3 

■l 

30 

ii 

may declare the punishment of treason 

3 

3 

33 

ii 

may prescribe the manner of proving the acts 





and records of each State - 

4 

1 

34 

it 

to assent to the formation of new States - 

4 


35 

ii 

may propose amendments to Constitution, or call 





a Convention ------ 

5 

1 

36 

ii 

to lay and collect taxes, duties, pay debts, &e. 

1 

8 

17 


..(See also v. Wheat. 317.)* 




♦Reports of judicial decisions; for Lawyers and Legislators. 

t Amendment. 


























INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 




Art. 

Scs. 

Page j 

Conghess to borrow money. (See also ii. Pet. 465.) 

1 

8 

17 i 

U 

to regulate commerce. (See also ix. Wheat. 1 ; 

1 

8 

17 

ii 

xvii. Johns, 488.) 

to establish uniform laws of bankruptcy and natu¬ 
ralization. (See also ix. Wheat. 1; xvii. 483; 

1 

8 

17 

u 

i. Pet. 251; iv. Wash. C. C. R. 317; vi. Pet. 
515; ii. Wheat. 269; iv. Wheat. 122, 192, 
209 ; xii. Wheat. 213; xx. Johns, 693.) 
to coin money., regulate the value of coin, and fix 
a standard of weights and measures 

1 

8 

17 

ii 

to punish counterfeiting ----- 

1 

8 

17 

ii 

to establish post offices and post roads 

1 

8 

18 

• «< 

to authorize patents to authors and inventors. 

1 

8 

18 

ii 

(See also iii. Wheat. Ap. 2, p. vii. Wheat. 356.) 
to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
Court. (See also i. Pet. 546.) - 

l 

8 

18 

ii 

to define and punish piracies, felonies on the 
high seas, and offences against the laws of 
nations. (See also iii. Wheat. 336; v. Wheat. 

1 

8 

19 

a 

76, 153, 186.) 

to declare war, grant.letters of marque, and make 
rules concerning captures. (See also viii. 

1 

8 

19 

a 

Cranch, 110, 154.) 

to raise and support armies - - - - 

1 

8 

1 

18 

a 

to provide and maintain a navy. (See also iv. 

1 

8 

19 

a 

Binn. 487.) 

to make rules for the government of the army 
and navy ------- 

1 

8 

19 

u 

to call out the mllitiaun certain cases. (See also 

1 

8 

19 

a 

v. Wheat. 1; xix. Johns, 7.) 
to organize, arm, and discipline militia. (See 

1 

8 

19 

• a 

also iii. S, & R. 169; v. Wheat. 1; xix. 
Johns, 7.) 

to exercise exclusive legislation over seat of Gov¬ 
ernment. (See also v. Wheat. 317, 324 ; vi. 

1 

8 

19 | 

a 

Wheat. 440 ; xvii. Johns, 225.) 
to pass laws necessary to carry the enumerated 
powers into effect. (See also iv. Wheat. 413; 

1 

8 

! 

) 

20 

a 

vi. Wheat. 204.) 

limitations of the powers of. (See also i. Wash. 

1 

9 

20 

a 

C. C. R. 500.) 

to dispose of, and make rules concerning the ter¬ 
ritory or other property of the United States 

4 

3 

35 

• -- 




1 

- 

























INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 



Art. 

Sec 

Page 

Congress, President may convene and adjourn in certain 

cases ------- 

2 

3 

29 

Constitution, how amended ----- 

5 

1 

36 

“ laws and treaties, declared to be the su- 

preme law ------ 

6 

1 

38 

“ rendered operative by the ratification of 

nine States. (See also v. Wheat. 422.) 

7 

1 

39 

Contracts, no law impairing ----- 

1 

10 

23 

Conventions, for proposing amendments to the Constitu- 

tioQ ------- 

5 

1 

37 

Counterfeiting, Congress to provide for punishment 

1 

8 

17 

Court, Supreme, its original and appellate jurisdiction. 

3 

2 

32 

(See also v. Serg. & Rawle, 544; i. Binney, 138; 
i. Wheat. 327 ; vii. Pet. 276.) 

Courts, inferior to the Supreme Court, may be ordained by 

Congress ------- 

1 

8 

18 

Ditto ditto - - - 

3 

1 

30 

Crimes, persons accused of, fleeing from justice, may be de- 

manded. (See also iv. Johns’ Chanc. Rep. 106.) 

4 

2 

34 

“ how to be tried ------- 

3 

2 

32 

Criminal prosecutions, proceedings in cases of - 

6 

A* 

44 

D. 

Debts, against the Confederation, to be valid - - - 

6 

1 

38 

Duties, to be laid by Congress, and to be uniform - 

1 

8 

17 

“ further provision respecting - - - - 

1 

9 

21 

“ cannot be laid by the States - - - - 

1 

10 

23 

“ on exports prohibited ----- 

1 

9 

21 

“ on imports and exports, imposed by States, shall 

inure to the Treasury of the United States 

1 

10 

23 

E. 

Elections, of Senators and Representatives, shall be pre- 

scribed by the States - - - - 

1 

4 

11 

“ qualifications and returns of members of Con- 

gress, to be determined by each House 

1 

5 

12 

Electors of President and Vice President, how chosen, 

and their duties ------ 

2 

1 

24 

“ altered -------- 

12 

A* 

46 

“ to vote the same day throughout the U. States - 

2 

1 

25 

“ no Senator, or Representative, or public officer, 

shall serve as ----- - 

2 

1 

25 

* A stand* for Amendment. 

ti--- 

















INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


57 


Art. 

Enumeration, every ten years - - - - - 1 

Executive power vested in a President, (S ee President') 2 
Exports, not to be taxed ------ 1 

“ and imports, States prohibited from laying duties 

on - -- -- -- -I 

Ex post facto law, none shall be passed. (See also iii. 1 
Dali. 386, 396 ; vi. Binn. 271.) 

“ ** “ prohibited to States - - - - 1 


F. 

Fines, excessive, prohibited - - - 

Fugitives, from justice, to be delivered up 
“ from service, may be reclaimed 


8 

4 

4 


H. 

Habeas conpus, writ of, can only be suspended in cases of 

rebellion or invasion - - - - 1 

House of Representatives. (See Representatives.) 

“ each may expel a member, (i. Halfs Am. Law 
Journal, 459.) 


i. 

Impeachment, to be brought by House of Representatives - I 
« tried by the Senate ----- 1 

“ judgment on- - - - - -1 

“ all civil officers liable to - - - - 2 

Importation of slaves, not prohibited till 1808 - - 1 

J. 

Judges, shall hold their offices during good behavior. (See 

also i. Pet. 546.) ------ 3 

Judiciary, tribunals inferior to Supreme Court may be 

created - -- -- -.1 

Judges, their compensation. (See also vii. Johns’ Ch. R., 3 

303; i. Wheat. 327; i. Pet. 546.) 

Judicial power, vested in a Supreme Court, and courts 

inferior ------ 3 

* powers of the Judiciary. (See Amend- 3 

ments, Art. xi.; ii. Dali. 297; vi. Wheat. 
264, 405; ix. Wheat. 819; iv. Wash. 
C.C.R.371: i. Pet. 512; ii. Pet. 251; 
iii. Pet. 289; vii. Pet. 276; and Act 
of Congress, 1789.) 


Sec. Pag.- 

2 7 

1 24 

9 21 

10 23 

9 21 

10 23 


A* 4 
2 34 

2 35 


9 21 


2 8 

3 10 

3 10 

4 30 

9 20 


1 31 

8 18 
1 31 


1 30 

2 31 


* A stands for Amendment. 







58 


INDEX TO THE 17. S. CONSTITUTION, 



Art. 

Sec. 

Page 

Judicial power, restriction as to suits against a State. (See 

11 

A* 

46 

also vi. Wheat. 402; Pet. HO; vii. 

Pet. 627.) 

Judicial proceedings of each State are entitled to faith 

and credit in every State - 

4 

1 

34 

Jury trial secured, and shall be held in the State where 

the crime shall have been committed - 

3 

2 

32 

“ further regulated ------ 

6 

A* 

44 

“ secured in suits at common law where the value 

in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars. 

7 

A* 

45 

(See also viii. Wheat. 85, 674.) 

L. 

Law, what is declared the supreme - - 

6 

1 

38 

Law, common, recognised and established - - - 

7 

A* 

44 

Laws, President to see them faithfully executed 

2 

3 

30 

Legislative powers, vested in Congress. (See Congress.') 

Loans, authority to make ------ 

1 

8 

20 

M. 

Marcvue and reprisal, letters of - 

1 

8 

18 

Militia to be called out, armed, &c., by Congress - 

1 

8 

19 

“ to be officered by the States - - - - 

1 

8 

19 

“ to be commanded by President - - - - 

2 

2 

27 

“ their right to keep and bear arms secured - 

2 

A* 

42 

Monet shall be drawn from the treasury, only by appro- 

priation laws ------- 

1 

9 

22 

“ Congress to coin and regulate value - - - 

1 

9 

17 

“ States cannot make ------ 

1 

.0 

23 

N. 

Naturalization, uniform rules - - - - - 

1 

8 

17 

Navy, Congress to provide and govern - 

1 

8 

19 

Nobility, titles of, shall not be granted by the U. States - 

1 

9 

22 

nor by the States ------ 

1 

10 

23 

0. 

Officers, of House of Representatives shall be chosen by 

the House ------- 

1 

*> 

** 

8 

“ of the Senate shall be chosen by the Senate 

1 

3 

10 

“ civil, may be removed by impeachment - 

2 

4 

30 

Order of one House, requiring the concurrence of the 

other - - . 

1 

7 

16 

* A stands for Amendment. 






INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


59 



Art. 

Sec. 

Page 

Oath, of the President ------- 

2 

1 

27 

“ of the public officers ------ 

6 

I 

38 

P. 

Pardons, President may grant ----- 

2 

2 

28 

Patents to be granted to inventors - - - - 

1 

8 

18 

Petition, right of - -- -- -- 

1 

A* 

42 

Persons held to labor or service, their importation or mi- 




gration into the United States may be prohib- 




ited after 1808 ------ 

I 

9 

20 

“ escaping from one State to another, shall be de- 




livered up to those entitled to service 

4 

2 

37 

Piracy, Congress to prescribe punishment - - - 

1 

8 

18 

Post offices and rose roads, establishment of - - 

1 

8 

18 

Powers not delegated to Congress, nor prohibited to the 




States, are reserved. (See also i. Wheat 325.) 

10 

A* 

45 

M Legislative. (See Congress*) 




“ Executive. (See President.) 




“ Judicial. (S ee Judicial.) 




Preamble. (See also i. Wheat. 324, and v. Wheat. 420.) 



5 

; Presents from foreign powers to public officers prohibited 

l 

9 

22 

Press, freedom of-------- 

i 

A* 

42 

President of the U. S. vested with the Executive power 

2 

I 

24 

shall be chosen for four years 

2 

1 

24 

u u how elected - - - - 

2 

1 

24 

u M - same - - - - - 

12 

A* 

46 

" u qualifications for - - - 

2 

1 

25 

*< ** who shall act in ease of vacancy 

2 

l 

26 

« * compensation of - - 

2 

1 

26 

** ** shall take an oath of office - 

2 

1 

27 

** “ may be removed by impeachment 

2 

4 

30 

President, commander of army, navy, and militia -' 

2 

2 

27 

“ may require the written opinions of the heads 




of Departments - - - - - 

2 

2 

28 

u may reprieve and pardon - - - - 

2 

2 

28 

u may make treaties, with consent of the Senate 

2 

2 

28 

u may appoint to office, with the consent of the 




Senate ------- 

2 

2 

28 

“ shall fill up vacancies happening during the re¬ 




cess of the Senate - 

2 

2 

29 

" shall give information fo Congress, and recom- 




^ mend measures - 

jj 

2 

3 

29 

* A stands for Amendment. 



















CO 


INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


President may convene both Houses, or either House - 
“ may adjiurn them in case of disagreement 
“ shall receive ambassadors and public ministers 
u shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe¬ 
cuted ------- 

** shall commission all officers. (See also 
i. Cranch, 137.) 

Privileges and immunities of members of Congress 
“ of citizens. (See Citizens , also Rights.) 
Propertt, Congress to provide for care of public property 
“ shall not be taken for public use without just 
compensation - 

Punishments, cruel and unusual, prohibited - 

Q- 

Quorum, for business, what shall be 

“ of States, in choosing a President by the House 
of Representatives - 

Quartered, no soldier to be quartered on a citizen - 

R. 

Receipts and expenditures, accounts of, to be published - 
Records, how to be authenticated. (See also vii. Cranch, 
481 ; iii. Wheat. 234; vi. Wheat. 129; i. Pet. 
81, 352; x. Serg. & Rawle, 242.) 

Religion, no law to be made, free exercise of. (See also 
iii. Yeates, 520.) 

“ religious test not required - 

Reprieves, granted by the President .... 

Representatives, House of, composed of members chosen 

every second year. (See 
also v. Wheat. 422.) 

u “ qualifications of inhabitants 

u “ qualifications of members 

M “ apportionment of 

«* u vacancies, how supplied 

“ “ shall choose their officers 

u u shall have the power of im 

peachment 

** M shall be the judge of the elec 

tion and qualifications of 
its members - 


Art. Sec. Page 
2 3 29 

2 3 29 

2 3 30 

2 3 30 

2 3 30 

1 6 13 

4 3 36 

5 A* 43 

8 A* 45 


1 5 12 

12 A* 48 

3 A* 42 


1 9 22 
4 1 34 


1 A* 42 

6 3 39 j 

2 2 28 i 

i 

i 

12 6 | 

1 2 7 

1 2 6 

1 2 6 

1 2 8 

1 2 8 

1 2 8 


1 5 11 


— 


* A stands for Amendment. 


























INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


61 • 


1 


Art. 

Sec. 

i, ! 

rage 

Representatives, House of, what shall be a quorum 

I 

5 

12 

« 

“ any number may adjourn 





and compel the attendance 





of absentees - 

1 

5 

12 

M 

“ may determine the rules of 





proceeding - 

1 

5 

12 

a 

“ may punish or expel a member 

1 

5 

12 

a 

“ shall keep a journal and pub- 





lish the same - 

1 

5 

12 

« 

** shall not adjourn for more 





than three days, nor to any 





other place, without the 





consent of the Senate 

1 

5 

13 

« 

** one-fifth may require the yeas 





and nays - - - 

1 

5 

13 

M 

« • shall originate bills for rais- 





ing revenue - - - 

1 

7 

14 

« 

« compensation to be ascer- 





tained by law - 

1 

6 

13 

it 

“ privileged from arrest, except 




% 

in certain cases 

1 

6 

13 

Representatives, shall not be questioned for speech or 





debate in the House - 

1 

6 

13 1 

« 

shall not be appointed to office - 

1 

6 

14 

a 

shall not serve as electors of President 

2 

1 

25 " 

a 

and direct taxes apportioned according 





to numbers. (See also v. Wheat. 317.) 

1 

2 

6 

Representatu 

on of a State, vacancies in, supplied until a 





new election by executive authority - 

1 

2 

8 

Resolution, order, or vote, requiring the concurrence of 





both Houses, to undergo the formalities of 





bills. 

1 

7 

16 

Revenue bills 

i, to originate in House of Representatives - 

1 

7 

14 

, Rights of the 

citizen declared to be— 





privileges of citizens of the seve¬ 





ral States - 

4 

2 

34 

U 

u liberty of conscience in matters 





of religion - 

1 

A* 

42 

a 

u freedom of speech and of the 




1 

press - 

1 

A* 

42 

a 

" to assemble and petition - 

1 

A* 

42 

* A stands for Amendment. 

------J 





62 


INDEX T° THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 





Art. 

Sec. 

Page 

Rights 

OF THE CITIZEN 

to keep and bear arms 

1 

A* 

42 

44 

44 

to be exempt from the quartering 






of soldiers - 

3 

A* 

42 

44 

44 

to be secure from unreasonable 






searches and seizures. (See 
also iii. Cranch, 448, 453 ; vi. 
Binney, 316.) 

4 

A* 

43 

44 

44 

to be free from answering for sT 






crime, Unless on presentment 
or indictment of a jury - 

5 

A* 

43 

€4 

44 

not to be twice jeoparded for the 






same offence - 

5 

A* 

44 

44 

44 

not to be compelled to be a wit- 






ness against himself 

5 

A* 

44 

44 

u 

not to be deprived of life, liberty, 






or property, without due course 
of law - 

5 

A* 

44 

u 

44 

private property not to be taken 



i 



for public use - - 

(See also iii. Yeates, 362; vi. 
Binn. 509; ii. Dali. 312; i. 
Serg. & R. 382 ; vi. Cowen, 
530; vii.Pet. 243.) 

5 

A* 

44 1 

44 

a 

in criminal prosecutions, shall 






enjoy the right of a speedy 
trial by jury, with all the 
means necessary for his de¬ 
fence - 

6 

A* 

44 

44 

44 

in civil cases, trial to be by a jury, 






and shall only be re-examined 
according to common law 

7 

A* 

45 

44 

44 

excessive bail shall not be re¬ 






quired,excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel or unusual punish¬ 
ments inflicted - 

8 

A* 

45 

44 

44 

enumeration of certain rights 






shall not operate against re¬ 
tained rights ... 

9 

A* 

45 

Rules, each House shall determine its own - 

1 

5 

12 



S. 




Seat of 

Government, exclusive legislation - 

1 

8 

19 



* A stands for Amendment. 





















INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


63 


r 


Art. 

Sec. 

Page | 

Searches and seizures, security against - 

4 

A* 

43 , 

Senate, composed of two Senators from each State - 

1 

3 

8 

<< 

how chosen, classed, and terms of service - 

1 

3 

8 

it 

qualifications of Senators ----- 

1 

3 

9 

U 

Vice President to be President of 

1 

3 

9 

a 

shall choose their officers ----- 

1 

3 

10 

' u 

shall be the judge of the elections and qualifica- 





tions of its members ----- 

1 

5 

11 

a 

what number shall be a quorum - - - 

1 

5 

12 

a 

any number may adjourn, and compel attendance 





of absentees ------- 

1 

5 

12 

a 

may determine its rules ----- 

I 

5 

12 

a 

may punish or expel a member - 

1 

5 

12 

4 i 

shall keep a journal and publish the same, except 





parts requiring secrecy ----- 

1 

5 

12 

a 

shall not adjourn for more than three days, nor to 





any other place, without the consent of the other 
House -------- 

1 

5 

13 

« 

one-fifth may require the yeas and nays 

1 

5 

12 

u 

may propose amendments to bills for raising reve- 





nue -------- 

1 

7 

14 

a 

shall try impeachments - - - - - 

1 

3 

10 

a 

effect of their judgment on impeachment - 

1 

3 

10 

u 

compensation to be ascertained by law 

1 

6 

13 

u 

privileged from arrest - - - - - 

1 

6 

13 

it 

not questioned for any speech or debate 

1 

6 

13 

u 

shall not be appointed to office - 

1 

6 

14 

« 

Senator shall not be elector - - - 

2 

1 

25 

Senators and Representatives, elections of, how pre- 





scribed ------- 

1 

4 

11 

Slaves, 

, their importation may be prohibited after 1808 
escaping from one State to another, may be re¬ 

1 

9 

20 1 


claimed. (See also ii. Serg. & Rawle, 206 ; 
iii. S. & R. 4; v. 62; i. Wash. Circuit Court 
Reports, 500.) 

4 

2 

35 

Soldiers not quartered on citizens - 

3 

A* 

42 

Speaker, how chosen 

1 

2 

8 

Speech, freedom of - ------ 

l 

A* 

42 

States 

prohibited from — 





entering into treaty, alliance, or confederation ; 




t 

t 

granting letters of marque; coining money 

1 

10 

23 

* A stands for Amendment. 











64 


INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


States prohibited from— 

emitting bills of credit; making anything a ten¬ 
der but gold and silver coin ; passing bills of at¬ 
tainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing 
contract; granting titles of nobility - 
laying duties on imports and exports. (See also 
iv. Wheat. 122, 209, 518; v. Wheat. 420; vi. 
Wheat. 131 ; viii. Wheat. 84, 92,256, note 464; 
xii. Wheat. 213, 370; xvi. Johns, 233; xii. 
Mass. 16; vii. Johns, Ch. R. 297; ii. Cowen, 
626; i. Rawle, 181; iv. Pet. 411, 514; vii. Pet. 
469, viii. Pet. 40.) 
laying duties on tonnage - 

keeping troops, or ships of war, in time of peace - 
entering into any agreement or contract with an¬ 
other State, or a foreign power - 
engaging in war - 

States, new, may be admitted into the Union 

“ may be formed within the jurisdiction of others, or 
by the junction of two or more, with the consent 
of Congress and the Legislatures concerned 
State judges bound to consider treaties, the constitution, 
and the laws under it, as supreme - 
State, guarantied a republican form of government; pro¬ 
tected by United States - - 

Supreme Court. (See Court , and Judiciary .) 

Suits at common law, proceedings - 


Art. Sec. Page 


- 4 


- 6 


- 4 


- 7 


T. 


10 

10 


10 

10 

10 

10 

3 


2 

9 

9 

10 


Tax, direct, according to representation - - - 1 

« shall be laid only in proportion to census - 1 

(See also v. Wheat. 317 ; iii. Dali. 171.) 

Tax, on exports, prohibited ------ 1 

Tender, what shall be a legal - - - - - 1 

Territory, or public property, Congress may make rules 

concerning - -- -- -4 3 

Test, religious, shall not be required - - - . G 1 

Titles. (See Nobility.') 

Title from foreign State prohibited - - . . l 9 

Treason, defined -------.33 

“ two witnesses, or confession, necessary for con¬ 
viction -------33 


24 

24 

24 

24 

35 


35 

38 


4 36 

A* 45 


6 

21 

21 

23 

35 

39 

22 

33 

33 


23 

23 


* A stands for Amendment 


















Messrs. CLAXTON, REMSEN & IIAFFELFINGER call especial attention to their 
new edition of the THINKER, No. IV., or the AMERICAN MANUAL. It is con¬ 
sidered one of the most useful school readers ever published. It contains a brief 
outline of the origin and progress of political power, and the law of nations ; a lucid 
exposition of the duties and responsibilities of voters, jurors, and civil magistrates; 
a literal copy of the United States Constitution, and a clear explanation of every 
part thereof, with questions, definitions, and marginal exercises; designed to de¬ 
velop and strengthen the moral and intellectual powers of youth, and impart an 
accurate knowledge of our social and political institutions. Adapted to the use of 
schools, academies, and general readers, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, LL.D. 

Extract of a Letter from the Hon. B. Everett Smith. 

I doubt whether the ingenuity of man can ever devise a work better adapted to 
the purpose avowed by the author. I arose from the perusal of the American 
Manual more deeply impressed than ever with my responsibility as a citizen, and 
with the absolute necessity of fostering sound virtue and political morality. 



The attention of the friends of education is especially invited to Burleigh’s 
Legislative Guide, which has been recently published, and which, it is believed, 
will do more to arouse the minds of the whole community to the paramount subject 
of the universal dissemination of knowledge than any other educational work that 
has ever issued from the press. This book encourages the establishment of literary, 
debating, and other ennobling societies in every school district throughout the 
United States. It contains all the Rules of both Houses of Congress, with explana¬ 
tory notes; a form for organizing literary and debating societies; a concise system 
of uniform rules of order founded on the regulations of the Congress of the United 
States. The Guide is designed to secure the uniformity and dispatch of business in 
all societies and secular meetings, and in all Religious, Political, and Legislative 
assemblies. 

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, 

Publishers, 819 & 821 Market Street, Philadelphia. 

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by Joseph Bartlett 
Burleigh, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



















































































Tiie first edition of the American Manual was published in 
1^48. The design was to incite an ardent love for carrying out 
in letter and spirit the true principles of constitutional liberty, 
founded by Washington and his compatriots, and prized by them 
in their declining years as the crowning effort, the masterpiece of 
all their labws. The work received the hearty approval of the 
most illustrious Americans. It was introduced into the Public 
Schools of many of the large cities, as a standard elementary book 
on Political Science. Some of the ablest teachers have used it for 
a series of years, and practically tested the great utility of inter¬ 
esting the parents as well as their children in the study and appre¬ 
ciation of our system of free government. Patrons of schools have 
frequently expressed their delight at the introduction of the 
Manual, and acknowledged that in it they had read for the f ret 
time the Constitution of the United States, and comprehended from 
its clear explanation the nature of our unequalled social and polit- 
■ ical institutions. These opinions, with the happy effect of the mar- 
I ginal exercises in developing the mental power of youth, have in¬ 
duced the Author to retain the first 284-pages of the edition of 1848. 

A want of the just appreciation and observance of the lights of 
all the States , and of the Constitution which made them a united 
nation, caused hundreds of thousands of our noblest young men to 
go down to premature graves. To avert the return of such a dire¬ 
ful calamity, it is incumbent on the guardians of public education 
to see that the elements of our wise system of civil polity, and the 
pure patriotic spirit of its originators and supporters, are faithfully 
inculcated in all the schools. Universal correct education is the 
sure and the only infallible preventive of civil war. There is no 
mystery about the Constitution ; it is not a law above the people, 
but a series of plain explicit articles of agreement, formed by 
the purest body of patriots that ever existed, that they and their 
descendants, although perchance citizens of different States, might 
continue pre-eminently citizens of the same great federated nationl 
forever, and prove M how good and how pleasant it is for brethren 
to dwell together in unity.” 

The Constitution is really as much of a standard for a self- 
governing .people, as the Bible is an exemplar for a Christian 
nation. The latter might as well expect its members to live in! 
accordance with the infallible principles of Christianity, without 
the proper study of the great standard of true piety, and the public j 
teaching of its law in every church, as for an independent people 
to expect citizens to have self-guiding principles, and be able to 
I transmit them in unsullied purity to posterity, without the proper 
study and efficient teaching of the great code of Republican 
Government. The inculcation of piety to God and good-will to men 
from every pulpit, and the instilment of the elements of constitu¬ 
tional liberty and an abiding sense of right in every school, are 
indispensable requisites for a self-governing nation. 











INDEX TO THE U. S. CONSTITUTION. 


Treason, punishment of, may be prescribed by Congress - 

Art. 

Sec. 

Page 

3 

3 

33 

.Treasury, money drawn from, only by appropriation 

1 

9 

22 

Treaties, how made. 

2 

2 

28 

“ the supreme law • 

6 

1 

38 

“ State cannot make - - - - 

1 

10 

23 

Y. 

Vacancies, happening during the recess, may be filled tern- 

porarily by the President - 

2 

2 

29 

in representation in Congress, how filled 

1 

2 

8 

Veto of the President, effect of, and proceedings on 

1 

7 

15 

Vice President of the United States— 

to be President of the Senate - 

1 

3 

9 

how elected ------- 

2 

1 

24 

amendment ------- 

12 

A* 

46 

shall, in certain cases, discharge the duties of 

President ------- 

2 

1 

26 

may be removed by impeachment - - - 

2 

4 

30 

Vote of one House, requiring concurrence of the other - 

1 

7 

16 

W. 

War, Congress to declare. (See also viii. Cranch, 110,154.) 

1 

8 

18 

Warrants for searches and seizures, when and how they 

shall issue ------ 

4 

A* 

43 

Witness, in criminal cases, no one compelled to be against 

himself ------- 

5 

A* 

44 

Weights and measures, standard of 

1 

8 

17 

Y. 

Yeas and Nays, entered on Journal - 

1 

5 

12 


I 


* A stands for Amendment. 


i 

































* 

. 










FAREWELL ADDRESS.* 


} Friends, and Fellow-Citizens: 

The period for a new election of a Citizen, to admi¬ 
nister the Executive Government of the United States, 
being not far distant, and the time actually arrived, 
when your thoughts must be employed in designating 
the person, who is to be clothed with that important 
trust [* ]* it appears to me proper, especially as it may 
conduce to a more distinct expression of the public 
voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution 
I have formed, to decline being considered among the 
number of those, out of whom a choice is to be made. 

I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to 
be assured, that this resolution lias not been taken, 
without a strict regard to all the considerations^apper- 
taining to the relation, which binds a dutiful citizen to 
his country—and that, in withdrawing the tender of 
service which silence in my situation might imply, I 
am influenced by no diminution of zeal for your future 
interest, no deficiency of grateful respect for your past 
kindness; but [am supported by ] 2 a full conviction that 
the step is compatible with both. 

* Figures and brackets do not appear in the original, but are here used to 
show where emendations were made by Washington; which prove his great 
care and prudence in preparing the address, as well as his exceeding anxiety 
to transmit in unsullied purity the Constitution, and its Republican Form 
of Government. Jgggp See page 93. A figure, inside of the bracket, thus [1], 
denotes erasure; but a word or words inside of the bracket denote that some 
j other word or words were substituted by Washington instead of those which 
I he had previously written. 


69 





















70 A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the 
office to which your suffrages have twice called me, 
have been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opi¬ 
nion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to 
be your desire.—I constantly hoped, that it would have 
been much earlier in my power, consistently with mo¬ 
tives, which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return 
to that retirement, from which I had been reluctantly 

drawn.-The strength of my inclination to do this, 

previous to the last election, had even led to the pre¬ 
paration of an address to declare it to you ; but mature 
reflection on the then perplexed and critical posture 
of our affairs with foreign Nations, and the unanimous 
advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled 
me to abandon the idea.-— 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as 
v r ell as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of incli¬ 
nation incompatible with the sentiment of duty, or 
I propriety; and [am persuaded] 3 whatever partiality 
[may be retained] 4 for my services, [that] 5 in the pre¬ 
sent circumstances of our country [you] 6 will not dis¬ 
approve my determination to retire. 

The impressions, [with] 7 vilich, I first [undertook] 8 
the arduous trust, were explained on the proper occa¬ 
sion.—In the discharge of this trust, I will only say, 
that I have, with good intentions, contributed [towards] 9 
the organization and administration of the government, 
the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment 
w T as capable—Not unconscious, in the outset, of the 
inferiority of my qualifications, experience in my own 
eyes, [perhaps] 9 *still more in the eyes of others, has 
[strengthened] 10 the motives to diffidence of myself; 
and every day the increasing weight of years admo- 









FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 7l 

nishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement 
is as necessary to me as it will be welcome.—Satisfied 
that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to 
my services, they were temporary, I have the consola¬ 
tion to believe, that while choice and prudence invite 
me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not for¬ 
bid it. [ 11 ] 

In looking forward to the moment, which is [in¬ 
tended] 11 ^ terminate the career of my public life, my 
feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknow¬ 
ledgment [of] 12 that debt of gratitude which I owe to 
my beloved country,—for the many honors it has con¬ 
ferred upon me; still more for the stedfast confidence 
with which it has supported me $ and for the opportu¬ 
nities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my invio¬ 
lable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, 
though [in usefulness unequal] 13 to my zeal.—If bene¬ 
fits have resulted to our country from these services, 
let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an 
instructive example in our annals, that, [ 14 J under 
circumstances in which the Passions agitated in every 
direction were liable to [mislead], 15 amidst appearances 
sometimes dubious,—vicissitudes of fortune often dis¬ 
couraging,—in situations in which not unfrequently 
want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism 
[the constancy of your support] 151 was the essential prop 
of the efforts and [a] 16 guarantee of the plans by which 
they were effected.—Profoundly penetrated with this 
idea, I shall carry it with me to the grave, as a strong 
incitement to unceasing vows [ n ] that Heaven may 
continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence 
—that your union and brotherly affection may be per¬ 
petual—that the free constitution, which is the work 





72 A LITERAL COPY OP THE ORIGINAL 

of your hands, may be sacredly maintained—that ita 
administration in every department may be stamped 
with wisdom and virtue—that, in fine, the happiness 
of the people of these States, under the auspices of 
liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preser- j 
vation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will ac- j 
quire to them the glory [ 18 ] of recommending it to the ij 
applause, the affection, and adoption of every nation 
which is yet a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop.-But a solicitude 

for your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, 
and the apprehension of danger, natural to that solici¬ 
tude, [urge me on an occasion like the present, to offer] 19 
to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to 
your frequent review, some sentiments; which are the 
result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observa¬ 
tion, [ 20 ] and which appear to me all important to the I 
permanency of your felicity as a People.—These will 
be offered to you with the more freedom as you can 
only see in them, the disinterested warnings of a part¬ 
ing friend, who can [possibly]' 1 have no personal mo¬ 
tive to bias his counsels.-[Nor can I forget, as an i 

encouragement to it your indulgent reception of my 
sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occasion.] 22 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga¬ 
ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is ; 
necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment.- ; 

The Unity of Government which constitutes you ! 

one people, is also now dear to }~ou.-It is justly 1 

so;—for it is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real 
independence; [the support] of your tranquillity at 
home; your peace abroad; of your safety; [ 23 ] of 
your prosperity [ 24 ] ; of that very Liberty which you 

























FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 73 

so highly prize.—But as it is easy to foresee, that from 
[different] 25 causes, and from different quarters, much 
pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken 
in your minds the conviction of this truth;—as this 
is the point in your [political] 26 fortress against which 
the batteries of internal and external enemies will be 
most constantly and actively (though often covertly 
and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment, that 
you should properly estimate the immense value of 
your national Union to your collective and individual 
happiness;—that you should cherish [ 27 ] a cordial, 
habitual, and immoveable attachment [to it, accustom¬ 
ing yourselves to think and speak of it as of the Pal¬ 
ladium of your political safety and prosperity; watch¬ 
ing for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discoun¬ 
tenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that 
it can in any event be abandoned, and indignantly 
frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to 
alienate any portion of our Country from the rest, or 
to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the 
various parts.] 28 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy 
and interest.—Citizens [by birth or choice of a com¬ 
mon country], 29 that country has a right to concen¬ 
trate your affections.—The name of American, which 
belongs to you, in your national capacity, must 
always exalt the just pride of Patriotism, more than 
any appellation [^j derived from local discrimina¬ 
tions.— With slight shades of difference, you have 
the same Religion, Manners, Habits, and political 
Principles. — You have in a common cause fought 
and triumphed together. — The Independence and 
Liberty you possess are the work of joint councils, 





74 A LITERAL COPY OP THE OR JOIN A I, 

and joint efforts—of common dangers, sufferings and 
successes.— 

But these considerations, however powerfully they 
address themselves to your sensibility, are greatly out¬ 
weighed by those which apply more immediately to 
your Interest,—Here every portion of our country finds 
the most commanding motives for carefully guarding 
and preserving the Union of the whole. 

The North in an [unrestrained] 31 intercourse with 
the South, protected by the equal Laws of a common 
government, finds in the productions of the latter [ 32 ] 
great additional resources of maritime and commercial 
enterprise—and precious materials of manufacturing 
industry.—The South in the same intercourse, benefit¬ 
ing by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture 
grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into 
its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its 
particular navigation envigorated;—and while it con¬ 
tributes, in different ways, to nourish and increase the 
general mass of the national navigation, it looks for¬ 
ward to the protection of a maritime strength to which 
itself is unequally adapted.—The East, in a like inter¬ 
course with the West, already finds, and in the pro¬ 
gressive improvement of interior communications, by 
land and water, will more and more find, a valuable 
vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad, 
or manufactures at home.—The West derives from the 
East supplies requisite to its growth and comfort,— 
and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it 
must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indis¬ 
pensable outlets for its own productions to the weight, 
influence, and the future maritime strength of the At¬ 
lantic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble 






FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 75 

community of interest, as one Nation. —[Any other] 33 
tenure by which the West can hold this essential ad¬ 
vantage, [whether derived] 34 from its own separate 
strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection 
with any foreign Power, must be intrinsically preca¬ 
rious. [ 35 ] 

[ 36 ] While [then] every part of our Country thus 
[feels] 3 ' an immediate and particular interest in Union, 
all the parts 38 [combined cannot fail to find] in the 
united mass of means and efforts [ 39 ] greater strength, 
greater resource, proportionably greater security from 
external danger, a less frequent interruption of their 
Peace by foreign Nations; and, [what is] 40 of inesti¬ 
mable value ! they must derive from Union an exemp¬ 
tion from those broils and wars between themselves, 
which [so frequently] 41 afflict neighbouring countries, 
not tied together by the same government; which their 
own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce; 
but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments and 
intrigues would stimulate and embitter.—Hence like¬ 
wise they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown 
Military establishments, which under any form of Go¬ 
vernment are inauspicious to liberty, and which [are 
to be regarded] 42 as particularly hostile to Republican 
Liberty: In this sense it is, that your Union ought to 
be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that 
the love of the one ought to endear to you the preser¬ 
vation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to 
[every] 43 reflecting and virtuous mind,—[and] 44 exhi¬ 
bit the continuance of the Union as a primary object 
of Patriotic desire.—Is there a doubt, whether a com¬ 
mon government can embrace so large a sphere ?—Let 





76 A LITERAL COPY OP THE ORIGINAL 

experience solve it.—To listen to mere speculation in 
such a case were criminal.—[We are authorised] 45 to 
hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the 
auxiliary agency of governments for the respective sub¬ 
divisions, will afford a happy issue to the experiment. 
’Tis well worth a fair and full experiment^ 40 ] With 
such powerful and obvious motives to Union, [affect¬ 
ing] 47 all parts of our country [ 48 ], while experience 
shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there 
will always be [reason] 49 to distrust the patriotism of 
those, who in any quarter may endeavour to weaken 
its bands.[ 50 ] 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our 
Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that [any 
ground should have been furnished for characterizing 
parties by] 51 Geographical discriminations —Northern 
and Southern—Atlantic and Western ; [whence design¬ 
ing men may endeavour to excite a belief that there is 
a real difference of local interests and views.] 52 One 
of the expedients of Party to acquire influence, within 
particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and 
aims of other districts.—You cannot shield yourselves 
too much against the jealousies and heart burnings 
which spring from these misrepresentations;—They 
tend to render alien to each other those who ought to 
be bound together by fraternal affection.—The inhabit¬ 
ants of our Western country have lately had a useful 
lesson on this [head]. 53 —They have seen, in the nego¬ 
tiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratifi¬ 
cation by the Senate, of the Treaty with Spain, and in 
the universal satisfaction of that event, throughout the 
United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were 
the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in 









FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 77 i 

the General Government and in the Atlantic States 
unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Missis¬ 
sippi. —They have been witnesses to the formation of 
two Treaties, that with G. Britain, and that with Spain, 
which secure to them every thing they could desire, in 
respect to our Foreign Relations, towards confirming 
their prosperity.—Will it not be their wisdom to rely 
for the preservation of these advantages on the Union 
by which they were procured ?—Will they not hence¬ 
forth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who 
would sever them from their Brethren, and connect 
them with Aliens ?— 

To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a 
Government for the whole is indispensable.—No alli¬ 
ances however strict between the parts can be an ade¬ 
quate substitute. — They must inevitably experience 
the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in 
all times have experienced.—Sensible of this moment¬ 
ous truth, you have improved upon your first essay, 
by the adoption of a Constitution of Government, better 
calculated than your former for an intimate Union, 
and for the efficacious management of your common 
concerns.—This government, the offspring of our own 
choice uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full 
investigation and mature deliberation, completely free 
in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, unit¬ 
ing security with energy, and containing within itself 
a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim 
to your confidence and your support.—Respect for its 
authority, compliance with its Laws, acquiescence in 
its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental 
maxims of true Liberty.—The basis of our political 
systems is the right of the people to make and to alter 

















78 


A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 


their Constitutions of Government.—But the Constitu¬ 
tion which at any time exists, ’till changed by an ex¬ 
plicit and authentic act of the whole People, is sacredly 
obligatory upon all.—The very idea of the power and 
the right of the People to establish Government, pre- , 
supposes the duty of every individual to obey the esta¬ 
blished Government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the Laws, all 
combinations and associations, under whatever plausi¬ 
ble character, with [the real} 54 design to direct, con- 
troul, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and 
action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of 
this fundamental principle and of fatal tendency.— 
They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial 
and extraordinary force—to put, [ 55 j in the place of : 
the delegated will of the Nation, the will of a party;— 
often a small but artful and enterprizing minority of 
the community ;—and, according to the alternate tri¬ 
umphs of different parties, to make the public admi¬ 
nistration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongru¬ 
ous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con¬ 
sistent and wholesome plans digested by common 
councils and modified by mutual interests.—However 
combinations or associations of the above description 
may now and then answer popular ends, [ 56 ] they are 
likely, in the course of time and things, to become | 
potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious and un- ‘I 
principled men will be enabled to subvert the Power J 
of the People and to usurp for themselves the reins of 
Government; destroying afterwards the very engines 
which have lifted them to unjust dominion.— 

Towards the preservation of your Government and 
the permanency of your present happy state, it is re- 


















FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 79 

quisite, not only that you steadily discountenance irre¬ 
gular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but 
also that you resist with care [the] 57 spirit of innova¬ 
tion upon its principles however specious the pretexts. 
—One method of assault may be to effect, in the forms 
of the Constitution, alterations which will impair the 
energy of the system, [and thus to] 58 undermine what 
cannot be directly overthrown.—In all the changes to 
which you may be invited, remember that time and 
habit are at least as necessary to fix the true ^character 
of Governments, as of other human institutions—that 
experience is the surest standard, by which to test the 
real tendency of the existing Constitution of a Country 
—that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hy¬ 
pothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual change, from 
the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion:—and 
> remember, especially, that for the efficient management 
of your common interests, in a country so extensive 
as ours, a Government of as much vigour as is con¬ 
sistent with the perfect security of Liberty is indis¬ 
pensable—Liberty itself will find in such a Govern¬ 
ment, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, 
its surest Guardian.—[It is indeed little else than 
a name, where the Government is too feeble to 
withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each 
member of the Society within the limits prescribed 
by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure 
and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and 
property.] 59 

I have already intimated to you the danger of Parties 
in the State, with particular reference to the founding 
of them on Geographical discriminations.—Let me now 
take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the 





80 A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 

most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the 
Spirit of Party, generally. 

This Spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from [our] 60 
nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the 
[human] 60 ‘mind.—It exists under different shapes in all 
Governments, more or less stifled, controuled or re¬ 
pressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its 
greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.—[ 61 ] 

The alternate domination of one faction over an¬ 
other, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to 
party dissension, which in different ages and countries 
has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a 
frightful despotism.—But this leads at length to a more 
formal and permanent despotism.—The disorders and 
miseries, which result, gradually incline the minds of 
men to seek security and repose in the absolute power 
of an Individual: and sooner or later the chief of some 
prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than 
his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes 
of his own elevation, on the ruins of Public Liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this 
kind, (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out 
of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the 
spirit of Party are sufficient to make it the interest 
and the duty of a wise People to discourage and re¬ 
strain it.— 

It serves always to distract the Public Councils and 
enfeeble the Public administration. — It agitates the 
community with ill founded jealousies and false alarms, 
kindles the animosity of one part against another, fo¬ 
ments occasionally riot and insurrection.—It opens the 
door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a 

{ facilitated access [to the Government itself through 
___=___® 





-r- --- =T\ 

FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 81 J 

the channels of party passions. Thus, the policy and 
the will of one country, are subjected to the policy and 
will of another .] 02 

There is an opinion that parties in free countries 
are useful checks upon the Administration of tbe Go¬ 
vernment, and serve to keep alive the Spirit of Liberty. 
—This within certain limits is probably true—and in 
Governments of a Monarchical cast, Patriotism may 
look with indulgence, if not with favour, upon the spirit 
of party.—But in those of the popular character, in 
Governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be 
encouraged.—From their natural tendency, it is certain 
there will always be enough of that spirit for every 
salutary purpose,—and there being constant danger of 
excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opi¬ 
nion, to mitigate and assuage it.—A fire not to be 
quenched; it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent 
its bursting into a flame, lest, [instead of w r arming, it 
should ] 63 consume.— 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking 
in a free country should inspire caution in those en¬ 
trusted with its administration, to confine themselves 
within their respective constitutional spheres; avoiding 
in the exercise of the powers of one department to en¬ 
croach upon another. — The spirit of encroachment 
tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments 
in one, and thus to create, [° 4 ] whatever [the form of 
government, a real ] 65 despotism.—A just estimate of 
that love of power, and [ 6G ] proneness to abuse it, 
which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient 
to satisfy us of the truth of this position.—The neces¬ 
sity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political 
power, by dividing and distributing it into different 













82 A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 

depositories, and constituting each the Guardian of the I 
Public Weal [against] 07 invasions by the others, has 
been evinced by experiments ancient and modern ; 
some of them in our country and under our own eves. 
—To preserve them must be as necessary as to insti- I 
tute them.—If in the opinion of the People, the distri- I 
bution or modification of the Constitutional powers be 
in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an : 
amendment in the way which the Constitution desig- I 
nates.—But let there be no change by usurpation ; for |j 
though this, in one instance, may be the instrument r 
of good, it is the [customary] 08 weapon by which free [• 
governments are destroyed.—The precedent [ 0!l ] must 
always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any par¬ 
tial or [transient] 70 benefit which the use [ 71 ] can at j 
any time yield.— 



tical prosperity, Religion and morality are indispensa¬ 
ble supports.—In vain would that man claim the tri¬ 
bute of Patriotism, who should labour to subvert these 
great Pillars of human happiness, these firmest props 
of the duties of Men and Citizens.—The mere Politi¬ 
cian, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and 
to cherish them.—A volume could not trace all their 
connections with private and public felicity.—Let it 
simply be asked where is the security for property, for 
reputation, far life, if the sense of religious obligation 
desert the oaths, which a^e the instruments of investi¬ 
gation in Courts of Justice? And let us with caution 
indulge the supposition, that morality can be main¬ 
tained without religion.—Whatever may be conceded 
to the influence of refined education on minds of pecu¬ 
liar structure—reason and experience both forbid us 


l: 
















FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 83 

to expect that national morality can prevail in exclu¬ 
sion of religious principle.— 

,r fis substantially true, that virtue or morality is a 
necessary spring of popular government. — The rule 
indeed extends with more or less force to every species 
of Free Government.—Who that is a sincere friend to 
it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake 
the foundation of the fabric ?— 

[Promote then as an object of primary importance, 
institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge.— 
In proportion as the structure of a government gives 
force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion 
should be enlightened .]— 72 

As a very important source of strength and security, 
cherish public credit.—One method of preserving it is 
to use it as [sparingly ] 73 as possible:—avoiding occa¬ 
sions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering 
also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger 
frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel 
it—avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not 
only by [shunning ] 74 occasions of expense, but by vi¬ 
gorous exertions in time of Peace to discharge the debts 
which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not 
ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen 
which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of 
these maxims belongs to your Representatives, but it 
is necessary that public opinion should [co-operate.]' 5 — 
To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it 
is essential that you should practically bear in mind, 
that towards the payment of debts there must be Re¬ 
venue—that to have Revenue there must be taxes— 
that no taxes can be devised which are not more or 
less inconvenient and unpleasant—that the intrinsic 







I 84 A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 

embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the 
proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties) 
ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction 
of the conduct of the Government in making it, and 
for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtain- ! 
ing Revenue which the public exigencies may at any j 
time dictate.— 

Observe good faith and justice towards all Nations, |j c ] 
Cultivate peace and harmony with all.—Religion and 
morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good 
policy does not equally enjoin it?—It will be worthy i 
of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great 
nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too 
novel example of a People always guided by an exalted 
justice and benevolence.—Who can doubt that in the 
course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan 
would richly repay any temporary advantages which 
might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be, 
that Providence has not connected the permanent feli- ! 
I city of a Nation with its virtue? The experiment, at 
least, is recommended by every sentiment which enno- j 
hies human nature.—Alas! is it rendered impossible j 
by its vices? 

In the execution of such a plan nothing is more es¬ 
sential than that [permanent, inveterate] 77 antipathies 
against particular nations and passionate attachments 
for others should be excluded; and that in place of 
them just and amicable feelings towards all should be 
cultivated.—The Nation, which indulges towards an¬ 
other [an] 78 habitual hatred or [an] 79 habitual fond¬ 
ness, is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its 
'! animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient j 

| to lead it astray from its duty and its interest.—Anti- i 
■ .... . -.....J 




















Viastia: 


FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 


85 


pathy in one Nation against another [ 8rt ] disposes each 
more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of 
slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and in¬ 
tractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dis¬ 
pute occur.—Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, en¬ 
venomed and bloody contests.—The Nation prompted 
by ill-will and resentment sometimes impels to War 
the Government, contrary to [the best]* 1 calculations 
of policy. The Government sometimes participates in 
the [national] 82 propensity, and adopts through passion 
what reason would reject;—at other times, it makes 
the animosity of the Nation subservient to projects of 
hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinis¬ 
ter and pernicious motives.—The peace often, some¬ 
times perhaps the Liberty, of Nations has been the 
victim.— 

So likewise a passionate attachment of one Nation 
; for another produces a variety of evils.—Sympathy for 
I the favourite nation, facilitating the illusion of an ima- 
| ginary common interest in cases where no real common 
\ interest exists, and infusing into one [ 83 ] the enmities 
1 of the other, betrays the former into a participation in 
| the quarrels and wars of the latter, without adequate 
j inducement or justification : It leads also to concessions 
to the favourite Nation of privileges denied to others, 
which is apt doubly to injure the Nation making the 
concessions; [ 84 ] by unnecessarily parting with what 
j ought to have been retained, [ 85 ] and by exciting jea- 
j lousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the par¬ 
ties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it 
gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who 
devote themselves to the favourite Nation) facility to 
betray, or sacrifice the interests r< A Jieir own country, 






















86 


A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 


without odium, sometimes even with popularity: — 
gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of ob¬ 
ligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, 
or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish 
compliances of ambition, corruption or infatuation.— 

As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, 
such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly 
enlightened and independent Patriot.—How many op¬ 
portunities do they afford to tamper with domestic fac¬ 
tions, to practise the arts of seduction, to mislead public 
opinion, to influence or awe the public councils! Such 
an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great and 
powerful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite 
of the latter. 

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, [I 
conjure you to ] 86 believe me, [fellow citizens ], 87 the 
jealousy of a free people ought to be [const anthJY* 
awake, since history and experience prove that foreign 
influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican 
Government.—But that jealousy to be useful must be 
impartial; else it becomes the instrument of the very 
influence to be avoided, instead of a defence against it. 
—Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and ex¬ 
cessive dislike of another, cause those whom they ac¬ 
tuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil 
and even second the arts of influence on the other.— 
Real Patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the fa¬ 
vourite, are liable to become suspected and odious; 
while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and con¬ 
fidence of the people, to surrender their interests.— 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign 
Nations is, [in extending our commercial relations ], 89 
to have with them as little Political connection as pos- 


















FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 


87 


sible.—So far as we have already formed engagements 
let them be fulfilled with [ 90 ] perfect good faith.— 
Here let us stop.— 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us 
have none, or a very remote relation.—Hence she must 
1 be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of 
which are essentially foreign to our concerns.—Hence 
therefore it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves 
by [ 91 ] artificial [ties] 92 in the ordinary vicissitudes of 
her politics, [or] 93 the ordinary combinations and col¬ 
lisions of her friendships, or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and en¬ 
ables us to pursue a different course.—If we remain 
one People, under an efficient government, the period 
is not far off', when we may defy material injury from 
external annoyance; when we may take such an atti¬ 
tude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time 
resolve [upon] 94 to be scrupulously respected.—When 
[ 95 ] belligerent nations, under the impossibility of 
making acquisitions upon us, will [not] 99 lightly hazard 
the giving us provocation [ 97 ] ; when we may choose 
peace or war, as our interest guided by [ 98 ] justice 
shall counsel.— 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situa¬ 
tion ?— Why quit our own to stand upon foreign 
ground ?—Why, by intenveavijig our destiny with that 
of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and pros¬ 
perity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, in¬ 
terest, humour or caprice?— 

*T is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli¬ 
ances, ["] with any portion of the foreign world;—so 
far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it—for let 
me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidel- 























88 A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 

___.___ |» 

ity to [existing] 100 engagements, ([I bold the maxim j 
no less applicable to public than to private affairs], 101 j 
that honesty is [always] 103 the best policy.)—[I repeat 
it therefore let those engagements] 103 be observed in 
their genuine sense.—But in my opinion it is unneces¬ 
sary and would be unwise to extend them.— 

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable jj 
establishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we j 
may safely trust to [temporary ] 104 alliances for extraor- j 
din ary emergencies.- 

Harmony, liberal intercourse with all Nations, are 
recommended by policy, humanity and interest.—But 
even our commercial policy should hold an equal and 
impartial hand :—neither seeking nor granting exclu¬ 
sive favours or preferences; — consulting the natural 
course of things ;—diffusing and diversifying by gentle 
means the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing;— 
establishing with Powers so disposed—in order to give \ 
to trade a stable course, to define the rights of our f 
Merchants, and to enable the Government to support l 
them—conventional rules of intercourse, the best that » 
present circumstances and mutual opinion will permit; t 
but temporary, and liable to be from time to time » 
abandoned or varied, as experience arid circumstances t 
shall dictate; constantly keeping in view, that ’tis folly \ 
in one nation to look for disinterested favors [from] 105 [ 
another,—that it must pay with a portion of its inde- [ 
pendence for whatever it may accept under that cha- j 
racter—that by such acceptance, it may place itself in | 
the condition of having given equivalents for nominal | 
favours and yet of being reproached with ingratitude 
for not giving more.—There can be no greater error 
than to expect, or calculate upon real favours from , 



















FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 89 

Nation to Nation.—’T is an illusion which experience 
must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my Countrymen, these counsels 
of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they 
w T ill make the strong and lasting impression, I could 
wish,—that they will controul the usual current of the 
passions, or prevent our Nation from running the course 
which has hitherto marked the destiny of Nations.— 
But if I may even flatter myself, that they may be 
productive of some partial benefit; some occasional 
good; that they may now and then recur to moderate 
the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs 
of foreign intrigue, to guard against the impostures of 
pretended patriotism, this hope will be a full recom¬ 
pense for the solicitude for your welfare, by which 
they have been dictated.— 

How far in the discharge of my official duties, I 
have been guided by the principles which have been 
delineated, the public Records and other evidences of 
my conduct must witness to You, and to the World.— 
To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that 
I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting War in Europe, my 
Proclamation of the 22d of April 1793 is the index to 
my plan.—Sanctioned by your approving voice and by 
that of Your Representatives in both Houses of Con¬ 
gress, the spirit of that measure has continually go- 
• verned me :—uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or 
divert me from it. 

After deliberate examination with the aid of the 
best lights I could obtain, [ 106 ] I was well satisfied that 
our country, under all the circumstances of the case, 
had a right to take, and was bound in duty and inter- 







90 A LITERAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL 

est, to take a Neutral position.—Having taken it, I , 
determined, as far as should depend upon me, to main¬ 
tain it, with moderation, perseverance and firmness.— 
[The considerations which respect the right to hold 
this conduct, [it is not necessary] 107 on this occasion 
[to detail]. 108 I will only observe, that according to 
my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from 
being denied by any of the Belligerent Powers, has 
been virtually admitted by all.—] 109 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be in¬ 
ferred, without anything more, from the obligation 
which justice and humanity impose on every Nation, 
in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate 
the relations of Peace and Amity towards other 
Nations.— 

The inducements of interest for observing that con¬ 
duct, will best be referred to your own reflections and 
experience.—With me, a predominant motive has been j 
to endeavour to gain time to our country to settle and 
mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress with- ; 
out interruption to that degree of strength and consist- 1 
ency, which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, 
the command of its own fortunes. 

Though in reviewing the incidents of my Adminis¬ 
tration, I am unconscious of intentional error—I am | 
nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it | 
probable that I [may] 110 have committed many errors. 
— [Whatever they may be I] 111 fervently beseech the 
Almighty to avert or mitigate [the evils to which they 
may tend.] 112 —I shall also carry with me the hope 
that my country will never cease to view them with 
indulgence; and that after forty-five years of my life 
dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, the faults 















FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHINGTON. 91 

of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, 
as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.[ 113 ] 
Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, 
and actuated by that fervent love towards it, which is 
so natural to a man, who views in it the native soil of 
himself and his progenitors for [several] 114 generations; 
—I anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat, 
in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, 
the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my 
fellow citizens, the benign influence of good Laws 
under a free Government,—the ever favourite object 
of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our 
mutual cares, labours and dangers. [ 115 ] 

G2. Washington. 

United States, j 
19 th September. } 













. 

















MATTER EMENDED BY WASHINGTON. 

The following expressions are those which were first written by Wash¬ 
ington , and afterwards erased or changed. What he finally sub¬ 
stituted is, in the Address , included inside of the brackets ., which 
are marked by the corresponding figures, 

I, For another term.—2, Act under.—3. That.— 4 . Any por¬ 
tion of you may yet retain.—5, Even they.—5, - 7. Un¬ 
der.— S, Accepted.—9, To. — 0^* -- 10 Not lessened.— 

II. May I also have that of knowing in my retreat, that the invo- | 
luntary errors, I have probably committed, have been the sources of 
no serious or lasting mischief to our country. I may then expect to 
realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst 
of my fellow citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free 
government; the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy 
reward, I trust, of our mutual cares dangers and labours. (In the 
margin opposite this paragraph is the following note in Washington’s 
Autograph also erased, “ obliterated to avoid the imputation of af¬ 
fected modesty/’) — HI,- 12, Demanded by. —13. Un¬ 

equal in usefulness. — 14, The constancy of your support. —15, 

Wander and fluctuate.—- IS. The .—. The only 

return I can henceforth make.—13, Or satisfaction.—10, Encou¬ 
raged by the remembrance of your indulgent reception of my senti¬ 
ments on an occasion not dissimilar to the present, urge me to offer. 

— 2 ©. And experience.—21. *-2*2!.-23, In every 

relation. — 24. In .every shape. — 23. Various.— 26.- 

27. Towards it.— 23. Thai you should accustom yourselves to j 
reverence it as the Palladium of your political safety and prosperity, j 
adapting constantly your words and actions to that momentous idea; 
that you should watch for its preservation with jealous anxiety, dis¬ 
countenance whatever may suggest a suspicion that it can in any 
event be abandoned; and frown upon the first dawning of every at¬ 
tempt to alienate any portion of our Country from the rest, or to en¬ 
feeble the sacred ties which now link together the several parts.— 
20 . Of a common country by birth or choice.—3®. To be.—31. | 

Unfettered.—32. Many of the peculiar.—33, The.— 34. Either, i 
-35. Liable every moment to be disturbed by the fluctuating combi- | 
nations of the primary interests of Europe, which must be expected | 
to regulate the conduct of the Nations of which it is composed.—36. I 
And.—37, Finds.—33. Of it.—39, Cannot fail to find.— 4©. i 
Which is an advantage. -41. Inevitably.—42. There is reason to j 
regard. — 43. Any.—44. They.—45. ”T is natural. — 45. It j 

* The dash denotes that what appears in the Address marked by the cor- | 
responding figure was added. 































94 MATTER EMENDED BY WASHINGTON. 


may not impossibly be found, that the spirit of party, the machina¬ 
tions of foreign powers, the corruption and ambition of individual 
citizens are more formidable adversaries to the Unity of our Empire 
than any inherent difficulties in the scheme. Against these the mounds 
of national opinion, national sympathy and national jealousy ought to 
bo raised.—As.—£8. Have.—Cause in the fact itself.— 
50 . Besides the more serious causes already hinted as threatening 
our Union, there is one less dangerous, but sufficiently dangerous to 
make it prudent to be upon our guard against it. I allude to the pet¬ 
ulance of party differences of opinion. It is not uncommon to hear 
the irritations which these excite vent themselves in declarations that 
the different parts of the United States are ill affected to each other, 
in menaces that the Union will be dissolved by this or that measure. 
Intimations like these are as indiscreet as they are intemperate. 
Though frequently made with levity and without any really evil inten¬ 
tion, they have a tendency to produce the consequence which they in¬ 
dicate. They teach the minds of men to consider the Union as pre¬ 
carious;—as an object to which they ought not to attach their hopes 
and fortunes;—and thus chill the sentiment in its favour. By alarm¬ 
ing the pride of those to whom they are addressed, they set ingenuity 
to work to depreciate the value of the thing, and to discover reasons 
of indifference towards it. This is not wise.—It will be much wiser 
to habituate ourselves to reverence the Union as the palladium of our 
national happiness; to accommodate constantly our words and actions 
to that idea, and to discountenance whatever may suggest a suspicion 
that it can in any event be abandoned. (In the margin opposite this 
paragraph are the words, “Not important enough.”)— 52 . Our 
parties for some time past have been too much characterized by.— 

52 . These discriminations,-the mere contrivance of the spirit of 

Party, always dexterous to seize every handle by which the passions 
can be wielded, and too skilful not to turn to account the sympathy 
of neighborhood), have furnished an argument against the Union as 
evidence of a real difference of local interests and views; and serve to 
hazard it by organizing larger districts of country, under the leaders 
of contending factions; whose rivalships, prejudices and schemes of 
ambition, rather than the true interests of the Country, will direct the 
use of their influence. If it be possible to correct this poison in the 
habit of our body politic, it is worthy the endeavours of the moderate 

and the good to effect it.—53. Subject.—5^,-55. It*— 

56, And purposes.— 5 ^. A.— 58 . To.— 59 . Owing to you as I do 
a frank and free disclosure of my heart, I shall not conceal from you 
the belief I entertain, that your Government as at present constituted 
is far more likely to prove too feeble than too powerful.—0©, Hu¬ 
man.—0©^, -02,, In Republics of narrow extent, it is not 

difficult for those who at any time hold the reins of Power, and com¬ 
mand the ordinary public favor, to overturn the established [consti¬ 
tution] 11 in favor of their own aggrandizement.—The same thing may 

• Order. 

























MATTER EMENDED BY WASHINGTON. 


95 


likewise be too often accomplished in such Republics, by partial 
combinations of men, who though not in office, from birth, riches or 
other sources of distinction, have extraordinary influence and numer- : 
ous [adherents.] 3 —By debauching the Military force, by surprising 
some commanding citadel, or by some other sudden and unforeseen 
movement the fate of the Republic is decided.—But in Republics of 
large extent, usurpation can scarcely make its way through these 
avenues.—The powers and opportunities of resistance of a wide ex¬ 
tended and numerous nation, defy the successful efforts of the ordi¬ 
nary Military force, or of any collections which wealth and patronage 
< may call to their aid.—In such Republics it is safe to assert, that the 
conflicts of popular factions are the chief, if not the only inlets, of i 
usurpation and Tyranny.—62. Through the channels of* party pas- ] 
sions. It frequently subjects the policy of our own country to the 
policy of some foreign country, and even enslaves the will of our Go- { 
vernment to the will of some foreign Government.— 63 . It should j 
not only warm, but,—Under.—65, Forms, a.—60. The.— 
67. From.—(5g. Usual and natural.—69. Of its use.—3^0, Tem¬ 
porary.—^1, Itself.—^2, Cultivate industry and frugality, as auxi¬ 
liaries to good morals and sources of private and public prosperity.— 

Is there not room to regret that our propensity to expense exceeds our 
means for it? Is there not more luxury among us and more diffu¬ 
sively, than suits the actual stage of our national progress? Whatever 
may be the apology for luxury in a country, mature in the Arts which 
are its ministers, and the cause of national opulence—can it promote 
the advantage of a young country-, almost wholly agricultural, in the 
j infancy of the arts, and certainly not in the maturity of wealth ? (Over 
! this paragraph in the original a piece of paper is wafered, on which 
the passage is written as printed in the text.)—Uittle. -74. 
Avoiding.— 75. Coincide. -76. And cultivate peace and harmony 
with all, for in public as well as in private transactions, I am per¬ 
suaded that honesty will always be found to be the best policy.— 
77. Rooted.— 78, A — 79. A.— SO. Begets of course a similar 
sentiment in that other.—81. I ts own.—32.-83. Another. 

—m. lstly.—35. 2dly.—86. - 87. My friends.— SB. 

Incessantlv.— 39. *- 90. Circumspection indeed, but with. 

91. An.—92. Connection. —93. In—94, To observe.—95, Nei¬ 
ther of two.— 90.-97. To throw our weight into the oppo¬ 

site scale.-*— 98. Our. - 99 . Intimate connections. —ICO. \ h’e-ex- 
isting.— 101. For I hold it to be as true in public, as in private 

transactions.— 102 . - 103 . Those must.— 104 , Occasional. 

105 . At.—100. (And from men disagreeing in their impressions 
of the origin, progress, and nature of that war.)—107. Some of 
them of a delicate nature would be improperly the subject of explana¬ 
tion •—103.-109. The considerations which respect the ] 

right to hold this conduct, some of them of a delicate nature, would 
be improperly the subject of emanation on this occasion. I will 


* Retainers. 


































9(3 MATTER EMENDED BY WASHINGTON. 


bare.y observe that according to my understanding of the matter, that 
right so far from being denied by any belligerent Power, has been 
viruisily admitted by all.—'(This paragraph is then erased from the 
word “conduct,” and the following sentence interlined, “ would be 
improperly the subject of particular discussion on this occasion. I 
will barely observe that to me they appear to be warranted by well- 
established principles of the Laws of Nations as applicable to the 
nature of our alliance with France in connection with the circum¬ 
stances of War, and the relative situation of the contending Parties.” 

A piece of paper is afterwards wafered over both, on which the para¬ 
graph as it stands in the text is written, and on the margin is the 
following note: “ This is the first draft, and it is questionable which 

of the two is to be preferred.”)—1,1,0, - lO-S, I deprecate 

the evils to which they may tend, and.—Them.—H.1,3. May 
I without the charge of ostentation add, that neither ambition nor 
interest has been the impelling cause of my actions—that I have 
never designedly misused any power confided to me nor hesitated to 
use one, w’here I thought it could redound to your benefit? May I 
without the appearance of affectation say, that the fortune with which 
I came into office is not bettered otherwise than by the improvement 
in the value of property which the quick progress and uncommon 
prosperity of our country have produced? May I still further add 
without breach of delicacy, that I shall retire without cause for a 
blush, with no sentiments alien to the force of those vows for the hap- | 
pi ness of his country so natural to a citizen who sees in it the native | 
soil of his progenitors and himself for four generations ? (On the I 
margin opposite this paragraph is the following note: “This para¬ 
graph may have the appearance of self-distrust and mere vanity.”)— 
Four.—HIS. The paragraph beginning with the words, “May 
i without the charge of ostentation add,” having been struck out, the 
following note is written on the margin of that w 7 hich is inserted in 
its ['lace in the text:—“ Continuation of the paragraph preceding the 
lust ending with the word ‘rest.’ ” 



















SYNOPSIS OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS. 97 


LESSON I* 

(3 1.) The original founders of the United States came from 
1 Europe. A Majority of whom united in. small 'companies and 
obtained 'charters to settle in America from the King of England. 
The 'mother-country took but little interest in the 'success and 
prosperity of her distant 'colonies, and left them to their own 
resources, and their own way to establish, in various and 'distant 
localities, a 'settlement in the new world. 

(§2.) It was their 'ardent love of civil and 'religious liberty, 
indomitable energy, and 'implicit reliance on the aid of 'Divine 
Power that caused them to leave the 'comfortable homes of their 
childhood and the 'graves of their forefathers to select new'abodes 
on the then 'uncultivated, malarious shores of the Western 'Con¬ 
tinent. 

(§ 3.) The first rules and 'regulations for civil government in 
this country, originated with these small colonies, 'comprising only 
a few'parishes or school-districts. The citizens held public meet¬ 
ings and voted 'viva vocef for such 'regulations as were judged 
essential for. their own self-'government. The restrictions were 
few. The people, though subjects of England, 'appear to have 
■exercised sovereign power. (| 4.) The 'taxes were not usually 
paid in money, but in setting apart certain days to work for 'pub¬ 
lic benefit. All 'assembled to make roads and build bridges. 
The'church and the school-house — the emblems of 'science and 
piety, the undying'harbingers of progress and greatness—were 
erected side by side by the 'voluntary labor and contributions of 
the entire 'population. 

(§5.) The people chose their own leaders for'warding off the 
terrors of the surrounding merciless 'savages, and their own min¬ 
isters to teach them 'faith and hope when their number was 'deci¬ 
mated by fearfully contagious diseases, and 'starvation and exter¬ 
mination 'seemed to be the fate of every family, (g 6.) Enlight¬ 
ened self-'gpvernmerit finally triumphed. 'Immigration rapidly 
began; school-districts increased to'towns; counties were formed; 
and the colonies soon 'assumed the territorial dimension of States. 
The increase of population caused them to submit to heavier 
'taxation to support minor colonial office-holders, and the’governors 
] who were appointed by the King of 'England to supervise and 
j. control his 'distant 'subjects. 

(g 7*) In form only the 'colonial resembled our present system 
of State-'governments— in spirit they were totally different. The 
representative 'department had no real power; every law enacted 
required the 'approval of the Governor and Council, who were 


* Words indicated by the small figure 1 may be spelled and defined in reading. If 
the pupils are advanced, any other word or phrase may be used that will convey a 
I similar meaning. See the last clause of Lesson II., page 20. 

f By the living voice, yea or nay; i. e~, audibly, without any ballot or written scrap 
of paper. 


9 

























98 SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


appointed by, and held their 'office only at the option of the 
Crown. But no law became valid till after it had been sent to 
'England, and received the express 'sanction of the King. (§ 8.) 
The British Government became keenly 'vigilant to see the exact 
provisions of the 'dormant charters carried into effect. 'Parlia¬ 
ment, jealous of the growing power, prosperity, and early 'freedom 
of the colonies, began slowly but gradually to 'trench on their just 
rights. 

(§ 9.) Laws were 'expressly enacted to depress 'manufactures, 
and no iron ware of any kind was 'allowed to be made in America. 
The object was to force the 'inhabitants to buy all 'manufactured 
goods of England. This plan 'would secure in return for payment 
ail 'surplus productions at a cheap rate. ($ 10.) Parliament 
eventually 'claimed and exercised the power of taxing, for the 
support of the 'English Government, the 1 unrepresented l colonies in 
all cases whatever. A 'light tax of only a few 'pence a pound 
on tea 'eventually led to the Revolutionary War. It was not the 
'amount, but the principle involved, that 'caused the conflict that 
terminated in the 'independence of the United States. 

(§ 11.) The 'Constitution of the United States is the government 
of the 'people. They have limited its power to certain prescribed 
objects. It is supreme within its own appropriate 'sphere. It rep¬ 
resents all and acts for all. No local or even State 'tribunal has 
any right to 'impede, or in the slightest way interfere with, its 
just authority. It secures the'union of all the States, the dignity, 
the prosperity, the renown of the 'nation. ($ 12.) The people of 
the United States, acting in a national 'capacity, formed the 
national 'government. The same people, acting within State 
'limits, have also formed local State constitutions. They have 
given to each certain definite and specified powers for 'promoting 
individual and public 'prosperity. 

($ 13.) Both national and State constitutions 'emanate from the 
people, and they allow them to 'exist solely for their benefit. The 
people are the ultimate 'source of all power. For mutual benefit 
they have in the most solemn and sacred 'way given for definite 
and specified 'purposes some of their most precious rights to both 
the national and the State 'governments. ($ 14.) But they have 
not 'delegated all power to either government; for they are the 
sovereign rulers, and may at any 'time, in a constitutional way, 
alter, or even 'abolish either the national or a State constitution. 
But whenever a State 'law conflicts with a national 'statute, the 
general 'welfare requires, and the people have declared, that 
the national law shall be 'supreme. 

(g 15.) The 'people, then, of the entire country 'form one self- 
governing nation, and are 'sovereign, not as integral parts,'but as 
one combined whole. When 'laws of any kind conflict, the sover¬ 
eign power rests with the greatest 'number occupying the largest 
'territory. ($ 16.) Hence, the constitution of a State is 'supreme 
over the entire people of a 'State, and the constitution of the 
'United States is supreme over all State 'constitutions and over 








OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 99 


the entire people of every State in the Union. For it Emanated 
directly from the entire l people of the whole country in their 
'highest sovereign power, and can only be peacefully altered or 
Abolished in the way prescribed in the 'constitution. "Every voter 
is a 'part of the Government of the United States, and is-'person¬ 
ally interested in its success and 'prosperity, for it is his own, the 
'same as is his town , county, or State — all make one united, in¬ 
separable, 'undivided whole, of winch he forms one 'individual 
part. 

(§17.) A citizen of a school-district may 'suffer from unjust 
laws enacted by a 'majority of his own neighbors. The 'citizen 
of a 'village, city, town, county, or State may be 'debarred of cer¬ 
tain ‘inalienable rights. (§ 18.) The wise, the 'correct way for a 
self-governing citizen to act, is to appeal always to 'reason, and 
never to violence, either 'alone or in combination against the 
'majority, who may each have equally as good 'intentions, and be 
'equally as sincere and honest in believing his own 'course right. 

(§ 19.) Even the most 'exalted in patriotism and piety are 
occasionally liable to 'error. No one is infallible. It becomes 
every one who thinks himself sadly 'wronged by a neighbor, or a 
'political party, to examine his own motives and position. The 
'illustrious Washington* in early life had an exciting, bitter 'con¬ 
troversy with a Colonel Payne. They parted on the most 'un¬ 
friendly terms. (§ 20.) It is one of the noblest 'traits of Washing¬ 
ton’s life, that after careful examination and mature'reflection, he 
found Payne in the right. lie then 'immediately made a 'voluntary 
and 'suitable apology. 

(§ 21.) The 'Saviour’s'injunction, Blessed are the peacemakers, 
'applies, in the most emphatic way, to every 'individual in a self- 
'governing country. “ lie that takes up the sword shall perish 
by the sword,” will always be mournfully 'exemplified in a re¬ 
public. 

(§ 22.) Synopsis of the Government of the United States.— 
The 'Government of the United States is composed of three sepa¬ 
rate, distinct, and 'independent parts : the Legislative, the 'Execu¬ 
tive, and the Judicial departments. The whole is 'harmoniously 
blended, and so admirably 'constituted as to secure the 'utmost 
moderation and 'wisdom. (§ 23.) It has a wise 'system of checks 
and 'balances ordained by the constitution, so that neither 'depart¬ 
ment may ever trench on 'rational liberty. Hence it 'approxi¬ 
mates 'perfection, and has, when its just principles have been 
observed, secured the utmost 'prosperity and happiness. 

(§ 24.) The Law-making Power. — Congress is the 'national 
legislature. It 'exercises the sole power of making, altering, and 
'repealing the laws of the United States. It is 'composed of a 
House of 'Representatives, elected by the 'voters of each 'congres¬ 
sional district of all the various States, for the 'term of two years, 
and a Senate, 'elected by the legislatures of the 'several States for 


* See Thicker, Part III., page 126, 









SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


100 


the term of six years. (§ 25.) Each congressional 'district is enti¬ 
tled to one Representative, and each State to two 'senators. The 
main 'business in legislative bodies is done 'through committees; 
to.whom all proposed 'laws and matters of business are referred 
for 'examination and 'report.* 

(§ 26.) As a general rule, the main labor of a 'committee 'de¬ 
volves on the 'chairman. The reports of committees always 'carry 
much weight, and in most cases receive the 'sanction of the House. 
Hence, as the 'chairmen of the various committees have such vast 
'influence in the action of all 'deliberative bodies, it is of the 
utmost 'importance that the wisest and best act as chairmen. 
(§ 27.) In the House of Representatives all of the 'chief com¬ 
mittees 'consist of seven members, and are appointed by the 
Speaker. The one first named is, by the congressional 'rule, 
chairman. The 'various committees shape the course of legislation. 

(§28.) Hence it follows that the 'office of Speaker is one of 
the most 'influential and important of the entire government. 
Besides, in a certain 'contingency, he would become, by virtue of 
his office, President of the United States.f He has to preside over 
one of the largest, most sagacious, and 'occasionally difficult to 
control of legislative 'assemblies. He must sign all acts, ad¬ 
dresses, writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by the House, and 
! all joint resolutions passed by the Senate and 'House of Repre- 
I sentatives. lie states all 'questions, and puts them for vote. He 
| is also 'entitled to debate and ‘vote the same as any other 'mem¬ 
ber. (§ 29.) In the Senate the 'Vice President is the 'presiding 
officer; but he 'exercises by far less power. The 'appointment of 
the various 'committees who shape the 'character of legislation 
and frame resolutions to originate, alter, or 'abolish laws is 'made, 
not by the Vice President, but by the Senate. 

(§ 30.) The 'Senators elect by 'ballot five for each committee. 
In case of the 'disability or absence of the chairman or first 
'named on a committee, the second acts as 'temporary chairman, 
and so on in rotation. (§ 31.) The 'Clerk of the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives is 'elected by ballot, but he cannot be a member of the 
House. He is 'required to keep a complete 'journal of each day’s 
'proceedings; procure the printing of all 'necessary bills, reports, 
documents, and attend promptly to all the 'various duties of a 
'recording officer. 

(§ 32.) The 'Sergeant-at-arms executes all the 'commands or 
orders of the House. He performs the various 'duties of 'chief 
police-officer or sheriff. The door-keeper is 'required to see that 
no one but members and those properly 'entitled enter the legis¬ 
lative halls. (§33.) At the 'beginning of each session of Con¬ 
gress 'standing committees are appointed to act on the various 


* For the best system of rules for organizing and governing legislative and all j 
deliberative bodies and societies, see Burleigh’s Legislative Guide, a standard work 
published by Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, Nos. 819 and 821 Market Street, Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

t See the note at the bottom of page 191. 






OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 101 


important 'departments of legislation to the end of the session. 
Any 'subject out of the usual routine of legislation, or any 'busi¬ 
ness that requires 'especial attention, is usually referred to a 
'temporary or ' select committee. 

(§ 34.) The House may 'refer to a committee any subject; and 
usually all 'matters of importance are so 'referred. It is custom¬ 
ary to sustain the 'report of a committee. But every 'deliberative 
body has always the power to act in any way it may 'deem just. 
(§ 35.) The entire House may at any time 'avoid the literal con¬ 
trol of 'parliamentary rules by resolving itself into a ' committee 
; of the whole,* and in this way secure 'colloquial or free discussion. 

! After 'suitable deliberation this committee rises and 'reports its 
j 'proceedings to the Speaker of the House, through its 'chairman, 
the same as any other committee. 

(| 36.) The Committee of 'Ways and Means of the House of 
Representatives is intrusted with all bills for raising 'revenue for 
the entire expenditures of the 'National Government. The other 
important 'standing committees are on 'Foreign Relations ; on 
'Military Affairs ; on Naval Affairs ; on 'Commerce ; on Man¬ 
ufactures ; on 'Internal Improvements; on Education; on 
'Agriculture ; and on 'Territories. 

(g 37.) 'Mamner of Conducting Business. — The superintend¬ 
ing power of 'Almighty God, and our entire dependence on Him, 
is duly 'acknowledged by Congress. Each House precedes its 
daily 'routine of business by a short and 'impressive prayer, led 
| by the 'chaplain, who is 'appointed at the beginning of each 'ses¬ 
sion for the season. Next in 'order are petitions from each State 
and Territory ; 'reports from standing and 'select committees ; 'res¬ 
olutions, and the 'unfinished business of the last day's 'session, 

| provided no definite subject has been set apart for that 'particular 
| day. The 'congressional rule requires every bill, before it becomes 
: a law, to be 'read three times on three'different days. Each read- 
1 ing requires the 'approval of a majority of the House. 

(§ 38.) After the third reading, the final vote or 'passage is taken 
by yeas and 'nays. When a bill has 'passed either House it is 
'carefully copied by the 'clerk, or secretary, and then sent to the 
'other House. After a 'bill has passed both Houses of Congress 
it is correctly 'copied by the clerk or secretary of the House in 
which it 'originated, on a roll of 'parchment. The bill is then 
said to be 'enrolled. It is then 'critically examined by a com¬ 
mittee appointed by each House, who 'rectify mistakes, if any 
occur, and make a report that it is correctly enrolled. The bill 
is then signed by the Speaker of the House and the President of 
the 'Senate. It is then sent to the 'President of the United States. 

(g 39.) If it 'receives his signature, it 'becomes a law of the 
land. In case he 'disapproves of the bill, he returns it to the 
House in which it originated, with his objections or 'veto. 


* An extended account of the duties and proceedings of a committee of the whole 
may be found in Burleigh’s Legislative Guide. 


9* 
























102 SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 

($ 40.) The disapproved bill does not then become a law ’unless 
each House reconsiders and ’passes it over his veto by at least 
’two-thirds of all the votes in ’both Houses. Any ’bill so passed 
becomes a law ’notwithstanding the President’s veto. 

41.) The ’constitution requires Congress to make provision 
by law once in every ten years for taking the ’census of the United 
States. The next ’Congress, after the census ’returns have been 
made, is required to pass a law ’stating what number of inhabit¬ 
ants shall be entitled to send a ’representative to Congress, and 
how the representatives shall be ’apportioned among the several 
States. (I 42.) The ’ratio of representation in Congress is in¬ 
creased every ten years, in ’order to prevent the increase of the 
’members of the House of Representatives, which tends to retard 
legislation and add to the ’public expense. But the constitution 
provides that “ each ’State shall have at least one’representative.” 

($ 43.) Each State is divided,into as many 1 Congressional Dis¬ 
tricts as it is ’entitled to representatives in Congress,by its own 
legislature, and the representatives are generally ’chosen at the 
usual State elections. Every organized territory is entitled to a 
delegate, who can ’participate in discussion, but is not entitled to 
vote. 

LESSON II. 

(| 1.) The constitution’requires the President to see* that the 
laws are ’faithfully executed, and holds him ’responsible to the 
people for the proper management of the ’National Government. 
The President is a ’superintendent; the actual labor is performed 
by ’various secretaries , called Heads of the different assistant 
’branches of the Executive Department. The ’secretaries of the 
various departments are the private ’advisers of the President, 
and are called his ’cabinet.f ($ 2.) There are usually weekly 
meetings held at the executive ’mansion by the cabinet. The 
president or any secretary may then bring ’forward for mu¬ 
tual ’discussion and approval every important measure he has 
’.devised for the benefit of any ’department, or any subject in 
regard to foreign relations, or ’pertaining in any way to the wel¬ 
fare of the ’United States. All cabinet’officers and foreign minis¬ 
ters are nominated by the’President; but to guard against incom¬ 
petence or ’unworthiness, the constitution requires them to be’con¬ 
firmed by the Senate. 

(§ 3.) The ’Secret-ary of State, or Prime Minister, holds the 
most ’important office under the President. He has charge of the 
seal t of the ’National Government, and ’impresses it on all coin- 


*For the powers and duties of the President see pages 193 to 199 inclusive, 
f General George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United 
States, April 30, 1789 llis cabinet consisted of only four: the Secretaries of State, 
War, Treasury, and the Attorney General. 

JThe seal is the size of a silver dollar. It consists of the engraving of an “ Eagle," 
and the words “Department of State ” are in circular form over its head. 
















OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 103 

missions approved by the 'President. He has the management 
of all affairs 'connected with foreign nations, and is required to 
'file in the 'archives the original of all correspondence with foreign 
'powers; all treaties, public documents, and laws. lie grants 
'passports to citizens who wish to travel in foreign countries, and 
is required to keep perfect 'copies of all the laws of every State. 
The 'details of this department are managed by a chief clerk, 
who 'employs a large number of assistants. 

($ 4.) The Secretary of the Treasury has the'management 
of all the money that is 'received and paid out by the Government. 
The 'revenue of a nation, and the stability of public 'confidence 
in the bonds of a 'government, depend mostly on his 'sagacity 
and wisdom. The details of this 'department are managed by 
the following 'assistants or heads of sub-departments, each of 
whom 'employs a long list of sub-’assistants, or clerks: The 
'Register, who keeps an accurate account of all the money re¬ 
ceived and expended for the Government. 'The Treasurer, who 
receives and deposits all the public 'money. He also pays all 
'warrants drawn by the Secretary of the 'Treasury, which the 
law requires to be 'countersigned by the 'Controller. 

(§ 5.) It is the duty of the First and 1 Second Controllers to 
examine 'carefully and certify to the correctness of the ’accounts 
and balances kept by the various 'auditors. The First Auditor 
examines the 'accounts of the revenue and civil list, lie 'certifies 
to their condition and correctness, and then 'transmits those 
accounts with their 'vouchers to the Controller who has charge 
of his department. The Second Auditor 'settles all bills for the 
pay, subsistence, clothing, hospitals, armories, arsenals, 'recruiting 
services ; the stated government 'donations or annuities to the 
various Indian tribes; and all the minor incidental'expenses of 
the army. The Third Auditor 'settles the bills for fortifications, 
military roads, the military academy, and the 'expenses of the 
quartermaster's department. 

(£ 6.) The Fourth Auditor examines all the 'accounts of the I 
'expenditures of the navy and the Naval School, certifies to their J 
correctness, and 'transmits them to the Controller in charge. The 
Fifth Auditor supervises and settles the accounts of the Depart¬ 
ment of State. The Secretary of the Treasury 'makes an annual 
report of the national revenue and expenditures; the 'value of 
all the imports and exports; the'estimated revenue and expendi¬ 
ture for the coming year; and all other 'matters that may require j 
the 'attention of Congress. | 

(g 7.) The Secretary of the Interior is the'superintendent of J 
J the Patent Office; of all public 'lands; public buildings; all the j 
mines'owned by the United States; the pension list, the Indian, 

, the Agricultural, and the 'Educational Bureaus. 

The Secretary of War is the 'superintendent of all the military 
force on land in the United States. He has the 'supervision of the 
Military Academy at West Point, and 'makes an annual report, 
giving a synopsis of all matters of public interest'pertaining to 

























104 SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 

the military affairs of the nation, and a Statement of the money 
‘drawn from the treasury for his ‘department, and the way in 
which it was ‘expended. 

The Secretary of the Navy has the ‘superintendence of the 
entire naval force of the United ‘States, and the ‘control of the 
Naval Academy. He makes an ‘annual report of the condition 
and wants of the ‘navy. 

The Attorney General is ‘superintendent of the department 
of ‘justice. He is the legal counsellor of the President and the 
‘various Heads of Departments, and attends to all ‘suits in which 
the National ‘Government is interested in the Supreme Court of 
the ‘United States. 

($ 8.) The Postmaster-General is the ‘superintendent of all 
the post-‘offices in the United States. He has power to recommend 
the removal and‘appointment of postmasters, establish post-offices, 
and make contracts for ‘carrying the mails. This is one of the 
‘most arduous, responsible, and ‘influential departments of the 
government. The labor is divided among Assistant Postmaster 
Generals. The first ‘assistant has charge of all ‘appointments to 
office ; the second ‘superintends all contracts; the third man¬ 
ages all the finances, and has ‘supervision of the postal money- 
order system. By a recent act of ‘Congress any person may obtain 
from a post-office a 1 money order * for any sum under fifty dollars. 
This order is then ‘enclosed in a letter: the person receiving it pre¬ 
sents the same to the ‘postmaster named in his own vicinity, who 
is required to pay the money order. There are also several ‘assist¬ 
ants, or chief clerks, ‘each of whom has a separate and distinct de¬ 
partment, the management of which is almost ‘entirely under his 
own control. There is an ‘Auditor, who superintends the collection 
of ‘debts and settlement of all the accounts of the ‘department. 

($ 9.) All postmasters ‘under the General Government are ‘re¬ 
quired to keep an exact account of all letters sent from and 
‘received at their own post-office, and an accurate ‘list of the names 
of persons and the post-offices from which ‘registered letters or 
money orders for‘distribution from their own ‘office were received; 
also a list of the post-offices to which money orders have been sent. 
Each subordinate postmaster is‘‘required ^to send quarterly to the 
‘general post-office at Washington a ‘statement of the number of 
letters sent from and ‘received at his own office, the ‘amount of 
money received for postage, and the ‘amount paid out for the post- 
office. A postmaster, at stated periods, varying from a week to 
a ‘month, owing to the density of the ‘population, is required to 
advertise all uncalled for letters. 

(§ 10.) After the period for which the letters were to be ‘adver¬ 
tised has expired, then all that are still ‘remaining on hand must, 
if not ‘otherwise ordered, be sent as dead letters to the post-office 
department at ‘Washington. An ‘assistant postmaster-general 
has ‘charge of the dead-letter office. The letters are ‘opened, and 


* In this way money may be sent by mail without danger of loss. 








OF TIIE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 105 


all money or valuable Contents returned by mail free to their 
Writers, as soon as the Cumbersome duties of the office 'permit. 
The 1 Postmaster General 'makes an annual report of all 'contracts 
made for transporting the 'mails; the new mail routes opened ; a 
detailed 'statement of the receipts and 'expenditures of the post- 
office department; the estimated 'expenditures for the ensuing 
year, and all 'matters relating to the department of'public utility 
and interest, or anything 'requiring the additional legislation of 
'Congress. 

(§ 11.) The Mint is a separate 'bureau of the Government. Its 
chief officer or superintendent is 'styled Director. There is also a 
chief coiner, who 'manages the coining department; an assayer, 
who tests the purity of the 'various metals; an engraver, who 
makes the dies to stamp the 'coin ; a melter and refiner, who pre¬ 
pares suitable 'bars for the various sizes and kinds of coin for the 
rolling-mill; a treasurer, who'receives and-gives receipts for all 
ore and metal brought to the mint. The 'cabinet of ancient and 
modern coins at the United States Mint in Philadelphia is 'valued 
at upwards of three millions of dollars. The public can visit the 
'collection, free of 'charge, between 9 a. m. and 12 m. There is a 
branch mint of the* United States in 'operation at San Francisco, 
Cal., and at Carson City, Nevada, and an 'assay office in the City 
of New York. 

LESSON III. 

(g 1.) The Supreme 'Court* of the United States is the highest 
and the final judicial tribunal of the 'nation. It was ordained by 
the 'constitution as the third separate, independent, and perma¬ 
nent department of the National 'Government. The Supreme 
Court is composed of a chief judge and eight 'associates, and com¬ 
mences 'annually on the first Monday of December, and usually 
sits about ten weeks at the 'City of Washington. This court has 
'original jurisdiction! in but few cases. The main 'business con¬ 
sists in its 'appellate jurisdiction, or the rejudging case’s that have 
been 'brought up from the Circuit and the various State courts. 

(§ 2.) This power of 'examining again and of reversing or affirm¬ 
ing the decisions of other 'tribunals tends to render all the legis¬ 
latures and courts of the 'several states vigilant and careful, and 
adds to the 'dignity and usefulness of the Supreme Court. Its 
'organization was wisely left to Congress, the 'immediate repre¬ 
sentatives of the 'people, so that its power might be extended 
over any new 'territory that might be acquired, and always meet 
the wants of the 'growth of the country. 

(| 3.) The 'constitution expressly says % the “judicial power 
shall extend to 1 controversies between two or more States which is 
direct positive 'proof that the Supreme Court was designed by the 


* See page 136, and the 28th, 29th, 30th, and 31st lines, 
f See pages 199, 200, 201, and 202. 

JSee 20th line, page 136. 







SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


IOC) 


immortal founders of the American Government to be the sov¬ 
ereign arbiter between the Several States, and that no State has 
the least ‘shadow or semblance of power to interfere in any way 
‘whatever so as to impede or annul the laws of the nation. ($4.) 
The ‘decision of the Supreme National Court is the last tribunal 
of appeal from a circuit court of the 1 United States, or from the 
highest court of ‘any State. The Supreme Court secures a cor¬ 
rect and uniform interpretation of the Constitution, and the laws 
enacted by ‘Congress. The judgment or decision of the supreme 
or the highest court of a State, when supposed to be ‘repugnant to 
the constitution or laws of the ‘nation, may be removed to the 
1 Supreme Court of the United States; and the decision there 
made 1 becomes the established law of the entire Union. 

(g 5.) The ‘Supreme Court is neither superior nor inferior to 
‘Congress; both are equal, co-ordinate branches of the Govern¬ 
ment, and both are inferior to the ‘constitution, which is the 
1 supreme Haw of the land. The decisions of the ‘Supreme Court 
secure uniformity in the interpretation of the ‘constitution and the 
laws. (£ 6.) The appeal from the ‘decisions of a State court pre¬ 
vents Conflicting laws on the same point in different States. The 
'highest court of one State might declare a law Constitutional and 
valid. A ‘similar court in another State might ‘declare the same 
law unconstitutional and ‘invalid. 

($ 7.) Wise ‘decisions and safety are better se.cured by the ‘na¬ 
tional court than could ever be effected by ‘nearly forty independ¬ 
ent State Courts of final jurisdiction, over ‘similar points of law, 
which could ‘scarcely result in anything but ‘interminable con¬ 
fusion and Contradiction. An appeal from an inferior court re¬ 
moves a cause entirely. A new‘trial is given: ail the facts and 
all the points of the law are ‘reviewed. But a writ of error removes 
for a new examination only the l points of the law. The United 
States ‘Government can bring ‘suits at law in their own courts. 
But no individual or State can institute a suit against the National 
Government — for it is not‘amenable to any person or any State. 

(g 8.) To remedy oppression the people have the ‘power to re¬ 
move, in a Constitutional way, any‘public officer, and hold him 
responsible, as an ‘individual, to the proper judicial tribunals. 
In accordance with the Constitution,* Congress has ‘established 
three courts — the Circuit Court of the United States, the ‘District 
Court, and the Court of Claims, which ‘hears and determines all 
claims founded on any ‘law of Congress, or on any regulation of an 
executive ‘department, or on any contract, expressed or implied, 
with the Government of the United States. Cases are ‘brought 
before this Court by ‘petition from a claimant. Claims may also 
be ‘referred to this Court by either house of Congress. Several 
States are set off into ‘ Circuit Districts. The number of circuits is 
‘equal to the ‘number of judges of the ‘Supreme Court. There 
were in 1870 nine ‘circuit districts, 


* See Article III., page 135. 








OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 107 

($ 9.) Each judge of the Supreme Court has his Allotted cir¬ 
cuit, in which he holds court ’twice a year. He is usually assisted 
by the district ’judge in which the circuit is ’held. The Circuit 
Court of the United States has ’jurisdiction in all civil suits, under 
the national law, whore the ’amount exceeds five hundred dollars, 
and of piracy, and all capital crimes ’committed on vessels beyond 
the’jurisdiction of a State. Cases may be carried from the Cir¬ 
cuit to the Supreme Court by ’appeal ; by a ’difference of opinion 
between the circuit and district judge ; and by ’writ of error. 

(§ 10.) In each ‘United States District Court, which is ’usually 
’composed of a single State,* is a district ’judge, who holds court 
quarterly, or four ’sessions a year. There is also a ’district attor¬ 
ney, who ’conducts suits for the National ’Government, and a 
’marshal, who executes the commands of the court, similar to that 
of the ’sheriff of a county or the constable of a town. 

(§ 11.) The District Court has jurisdiction of the ’minor civil 
suits, in which the United’States are plaintiffs; of all ’seizures; 
under the revenue laws, ’counterfeiting the coin, papev currency, I 
postage stamps, and all printed, ’stamped, or ’written documents 
of the United States; of the infringement of the-post-office laws; 
’copyrights; patent rights; of ’smuggling goods, or importing 
secretly any article of ’merchandise on which a tax is levied, to 
avoid paying the l duty or tax, and all minor crimes against the 
laws of the ’United States. 

(§12.) In a Court of 1 Equity, or, as it is called in ’England, the 
Court of 1 Chancery, there is no trial by jury. The ’judges preside. 
The plaintiff, or one who makes the ’complaint, states his case in 
writing, which is called a 'bill of equity. The ’defendant gives a 
statement in ’writing in his own defence. In a Court of Equity, 
the written statement of the ’parties is taken in their own case as 
’evidence. (§ 13.) It is the business of the ’judicial department 
of a ’government to decide wiiat the law is, but not to make the 
law. ’Judges are not lawmakers. The ’Constitution of the United 
States, and the enactments of ’Congress made in accordance with 
its provisions, are the ’supreme law. The Supreme Court takes 
cognizance of suits or cases in ’law and equity.f Any congressional 
or State ’legislative enactment, conflicting with the ’Constitution 
of the United States, may, when a suit at law is ’brought before 
the judges of the ’Supreme Court, be declared 'null and void. 

(§ 14.) But the ’judges are only the instrument of the Supreme 
Law in making the decision. In like ’manner the judges of a 
State, ’county, and the justices of the peace, or magistrates of a 
town, and the ’aldermen of a city, are bound to give their ’decrees 
in accordance with the laws’applicable to their various localities. 

(§ 15.) A new ’copyright law was enacted by Congress in 1870. 
Each ’copyright now secures the exclusive privilege of publishing 
the book or article copyrighted for the’term of twenty-eight years. 


* New York, Pennsylvania, and some of the large States are composed of two dis¬ 
tricts. 

f See Constitution U. S., Section 2,136th page. 









SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


108 


After that period the author or the 1 designer may secure a renewal 
for the further ‘term of fourteen years, making, forty-two years in 
all. A copyright must be secured before publishing the 1 book or 
other article. A fee of one dollar must be ‘enclosed with the title 
of each book or any other 1 article to be copyrighted, to the Libra¬ 
rian * of Congress, which secures a certificate of copyright under 
his seal. Within ten days ‘after the publication of each l book or 
any other article ,• two ‘complete copies of the best edition ‘issued 
must be ‘mailed or sent to the Librarian of ‘Congress, to perfect 
the ‘copyright; and if these ‘copies are not sent the copyright is 
void, and a Penalty of twenty-five dollars ‘incurred. The 
books and the title-pages will be ‘transmitted free. Postmasters 
are ‘required to give ‘receipts for the same when requested. No 
‘copyright is valid ‘unless on the title-page, or the page‘following, 
of each book of every edition, notice is given in the ‘following 
words : “ Entered 'according to an Act of ‘Congress, in the year 
■, by ——, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wash¬ 


ington. 

(§ 16.) An ‘inventor may obtain a patent by giving a written 
description of his invention to the ‘Commissioner of Patents, who 
is an ‘assistant of the Secretary of the Interior. The ‘inventor 
must distinctly 'delineate every part of the improvement that he 
‘claims as his own discovery, and take an ‘oath that to the best of 
his belief he is the ‘original discoverer. He must also pay a ‘fee of 
thirty dollars. Then if the ‘commissioner finds that the invention 
has not before been discovered, he issues a patent for the term of 
fourteen years, ‘giving the inventor the ‘exclusive patent right to 
the ‘invention ; subject to a renewal for seven years, in case he 
‘should not during the first term be ‘suitably ‘remunerated. 


LESSON I Y.f 

(§ 1.) The State ‘governments are all republican in form and ; 
‘similar to each other. Each State has its own ‘constitution, i 
emanating from the ‘people, which is the supreme‘municipal law, 
extending over its own ‘subdivisions of counties and towns as the \ 
National Constitution extends over its own ‘subdivisions of States, j 
and takes away from each ‘State government every power of a [ 
‘national character. Hence the Government of the ‘United States ; 
acts solely in a ‘national capacity, and ‘exercises all powers of an ■ 
‘external national character. It punishes all ‘crimes committed ! 
on the high seas, and every offence ‘against its own laws. 

($ 2.) The ‘National Government is ‘supreme. Every State \ 
government is ‘subordinate to it. The school district, the town, j 
the ‘county, and the State, each, has its own ‘appropriate subordi- , 
nate ‘local sphere of action. The power of a State is ‘municipal, 


*The old law made this the duty of a clerk of a District Court of the U. S. 

f For time of holding elections and meeting of State Legislatures, see page 44, 
Appendix. 
























OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 109 
J _____ 

I ’confined to its own ’local interests. As it is Sovereign over its own 
I ’minor local departments of town, city, and county, so it in turn 
becomes ’subordinate, whenever any law or interest may ’conflict 
with the ’supreme Constitution, or the authority of the people of 
the whole ’country. The prosperity and happiness of all is best 
promoted, when the ’appropriate sphere and duty of each depart¬ 
ment is so enlightened as to move in ’harmonious regularity in its 
own local municipal capacity. It ’especially becomes the duty of 
the ’National Government to use the utmost ’wisdom and impar¬ 
tiality in the ’enactment of its laws, so that no one of its ’minor 
State departments may in any way be ’oppressed. 

(| 3.) Each State has its ’legislative, its ’executive, and its ‘judi- 
: cial ’department, and, so far as ’circumstances admit, they are 
’modelled after the National Government. Every State has its 
’upper and its lower House, or its ’Senate and its House of ’Repre- 
I sentatives. Each House has its ’presiding officer or speaker, also 
j its ’sergeant-at-arms, and door-keeper. Every State Legislature 
I has a ’similar uniform system of rules and ’mode of enacting laws. 
State legislation is confined to local ’municipal laws relating to 
private or individual ’property, and private or individual rights. 
The State laws are enforced through its own ’judicial courts. 

(g 4.) The great system of public ’education is committed to the 
various State legislatures. Also, all laws pertaining to ’property, 
to debtor and creditor, to inheritance, to ’bequests, to chartering 
cities, bridge ’companies, literary and charitable institutions, 
cemeteries. State canals, the extent of punishment for’crime, and 
the mode of conviction, the organisation of the State’militia; also 
the independent action of the States on any ’proposed amendment 
to the Constitution of the United States. A State’government has 
the entire power to ’legislate, in a constitutional way, over its own 
’municipal ’affairs. The people are the primary ’source of power; 
hence the various State constitutions give their ’representatives in 
the legislature the ’sole power to enact, alter, or repeal law. The 
governor is the ’chief executive officer. In most of the new States 
he has not the ’veto power, but in a few of the older ones he ’exer¬ 
cises the right to veto a bill, similar to the ’President of the United 
States. Every ’governor's sphere of action is confined ’exclusively 
to his own State, but in other respects his ’duties resemble those 
of the ’President of the United States. He is ’required to see 
that the State laws are ’faithfully executed. He is ‘ex-officio com¬ 
mander of the State militia, and may ’require the opinions of the 
’subordinate officers of the State government. lie ’communicates 
to the legislature of his State a correct account of its ’municipal 
affairs, and ’appoints many of the minor officers. In most of the 
’States the governor has power to ’pardon even the most desperate 
criminals convicted by State laws. 

($ 5.) Owing, ’however, to the liability of bribery and the base 
use of this power for ’partisan purposes, some of the lately ’formed 
State constitutions wisely require the ’concurrence of the State 
Senate or higher branch of the ’legislature. In like manner every 


10 





110 SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


other State officer of 'similar character has similar duties to per¬ 
form, only of a local State nature, to the 'corresponding officer 
of the National Government. The 'superintendent of the public 
schools has charge of the'educational interests of a State. His duty 
consists, as the name implies, in'superintending and directing in the 
most efficient way possible the 'educational interests of the State. 

(g 6.) The State courts take 'cognizance of all the internal 
affairs of the State, 'including all manner of debts, contracts, and 
'crimes. The 'Supreme Court, in most of the States, is the highest 
State judicial 'tribunal, and, so far as State authority goes, makes 
the final 'decision. But in a few States there is a higher court 
of appeals, which affirms or reverses the 'decisions of the Supreme 
Court of a State. There is in every State a court of'impeachment, 
in which the 'governor and all judicial officers may be tried when 
they violate their oath of office. Should a 'State officer for money 
or any other cause do a wrony; act, he may be 'impeached by the 
lower House of the State 'legislature, and tried by the higher 
House, in a 'similar way that the House of Representatives of the 
United States impeach, and the Senate try the highest national 
executive and judicial 'officers.* 

(£ 7.) Every county 'has its seat of'justice, where county courts 
are held at stated 'periods, usually once in three months. The 
county courts have 'jurisdiction over all 'prominent suits at law 
arising in the county. In some States there are 'criminal courts 
for the 'express purpose of trying criminals. A 'municipal, or 
mayor’s court, takes cognizance of causes wjthin an 'incorporated 
district or 'city. There is a judge of probate in every county. He 
holds a probate courtf at stated 'periods, usually as often as once a 
month. Wills, or written directions for the 'disposal of one’s pro¬ 
perty after death, must be 'proved before this court. The probate 
court also superintends the proper 'settlement of the estates of all 
persons who belong to and die in the 'county. 

(§ 8.) A JUSTICE^ COURT IS THE 'PRIMARY OR LOWEST COURT in a 

State. The 'jurisdiction of a justice'extends over the eptire county, 
though he may 'actually be elected by the people of a town or 
township. The 'reason of this extended power of a 'justice is to 
serve the public good. A 'difficulty might arise between the 
nearest 'neighbors, and yet they might be 'separated by town lines, j 
It is then to facilitate the 'collection of small debts and the sup-1 
pression of petty 'crimes, that a justice’s and a'constable’s juris-! 
diction is extended. The 'person who brings a suit is in law 'called 
the 'plaintiff, and the one complained of is styled the defendant. 

(g 9.) Any person 'suffering from any real or supposed 'griev¬ 
ance, may apply to a justice for redress. At the 'request of the 
plaintiff the justice ‘issues a writing called a writ or summons , 
directed usually, though not necessarily, to the nearest 'constable, 


* See sec. 4, page 135. 

f In New York, this is called the Surrogate’s Court. In Pennsylvania, the officer 
corresponding to surrogate is called the Register of Wills. 























OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. Ill 


commanding him to 'summon the defendant to appear before the 
'justice, at a certain place, day, and hour, 'specified in the writ, to 
answer to the charges preferred by the 'plaintiff. 

A justice of the 'peace is generally elected by 'ballot, but in 
a few of the older States the 'governor has the power of 'designat¬ 
ing and appointing as many 'justices as he may deem necessary. 
The term for 'holding office varies, like 'representation, being in 
some States only one year, while in others the official term 'ex¬ 
tends to four years. 

(g 10.) A justice of the 'peace holds courts for the trial of all 
'minor civil and 'criminal actions. He is the legal 'functionary 
or chief judge of the town, and required by his 'official oath to 
preserve order at all civil, 'religious, or political 'meetings. A 
justice is required to cause any person 'charged with a crime or 
violation of the public peace, to be 'brought before his court for 
examination; and, at his'discretion, either to fine him according 
to law, acquit, bind over for trial, or commit him to close 'confine¬ 
ment in the county jail for trial, either before the county or a 
higher criminal court. All deeds of the 'transfer of land, build¬ 
ings, and all kinds of valuable property should be 'acknowledged 
before a justice of the peace of the town, or an 'alderman of the 
city, in which the 'property conveyed is located, and witnessed 
by at least two 'disinterested persons. The law of a few 'States 
'requires an acknowledgment before two 'justices, or aldermen, and 
three 'disinterested witnesses. A judicial oath or 1 affirmation may 
be administered by a justice of a town, a 'burgess of a 'borough, 
a mayor of a city, a judge or 'clerk of any court, and the presiding 
officer or 'secretary of any legislative body. 

(§ 11.) The assembling of three or more persons to 'disturb the 
public peace or do any 'unlawful act, is a riot. It is then the 
'duty of a justice of the peace, burgess, mayor, judge, sheriff, 
police-officer, or constable, in the name of the State, to 'order them 
to disperse. In case the 'rioters refuse, the officer may call on any 
'bystanders or other persons to aid in arresting them. Any per¬ 
son thus 'called on for assistance, refusing, is 'liable to be fined. 
It is also the duty of a 'justice of the peace to suppress profanity, 
or the 'taking the name of God in vain, betting, 'Sabbath-breaking, 
and all 'trespassing and 'disorderly conduct contrary to the laws 
of the State. 

(§ 12.) It is the duty of a 'legislature to make laws to secure 
'justice to all citizens in their varied transactions and lawful 'pur¬ 
suits. The 'judicial officers exercise the sole 'prerogative, however, 
of determining what the law is, and 'whether it has been broken. 
They assess the ‘damage or determine the punishment to be 'in¬ 
flicted, and order their own decisions to be 'carried into effect 
througli their ministerial officer, a 'constable, sheriff, or marshal. 

($ 13.) A constable is the 'ministerial officer of a magistrate or 
'justice of the peace. Ilis business is mostly 'confined to his own 
town. He serves all summonses, executes all 'writs and judgments 
of the justice's or 'magistrate’s court. His duties are 'similar to 







SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


112 


the sheriff of a county, or a ‘marshal in the United States court. 
By order of a ‘magistrate he commits all alleged criminals to 
jail to ‘await the order of either the county or a ‘higher criminal 
court.* A constable generally acts as 1 directed in writing by a jus¬ 
tice. A 1 police officer who executes the commands of an alderman, 
a burgess, or a mayor, wears a badge of ‘office, by which he is 
designated, and has power without any written 1 authority to arrest 
and ‘commit to a station-house or a prison, for examination or for 
trial, any alleged ‘criminal or ‘disturber of the ‘public peace. 

(§ 15.) The sheriff is the ‘executive officer of the judges of a 
county or of a State ‘court. He serves all legal notices, ‘executes 
all writs, judgments, and decrees of a court. lie has ‘charge of 
the county jail, and ‘imprisons and takes care of all alleged crim¬ 
inals before their ‘trial takes place. If convicted, he ‘carries out 
the decrees of the court, by either ‘confining the convicts, if for a 
small offence, to the ‘county jail, or for a greater crime to the 
State ‘penitentiary ; and for ‘murder or a ‘capital offence, he takes 
charge of the execution, as the law‘requires, at the gallows. He 
is generally assisted by two or more ‘deputies. A writ is ‘served 
by a constable or ‘sheriff by reading it to the ‘defendant, and, when 
he desires, giving him a correct copy. In case the ‘party ‘cannot 
be found, a copy is usually left at his last place of ‘residence. On 
or before the day of trial the writ or ‘summons must be returned 
to the ‘justice or the judge, with an ‘indorsement stating the ‘par¬ 
ticulars, and the day on which it was served. 

LESSON y. 

(£ 1.) In most of the older States ‘counties are divided into dis¬ 
tricts of ‘irregular shape and size, called towns.^ The ‘law of the 
United States‘divides all the territory owned by the National ‘Go¬ 
vernment into districts six miles square, ‘called townships ; hence 
town and township are used as nearly ‘synonymous words, and mean 
the small ‘incorporated division of a county or election district, 
which in all new States is called 1 township . All political power 
justly ‘emanates from the people. In most of the States, in ‘order 
to give the citizens the fullest power of ‘self-government, each 
town, ‘township, or ‘election ‘district is divided into still ‘smaller 
‘divisions of territory, including only a few ‘families, called school 
disti'ids. The voters of each school district ‘usually assemble 1 en 
masse at least once a year, and elect one or more ‘from their num¬ 
ber J to engage a ‘teacher, and attend to all business requisite to 
keep the district school in ‘successful operation. 

(| 2.) The voters of a town or township ‘assemble in most of the 


* A separate court for trying criminals is in some States called a court of Oyer and 
Terminer. 

f In a few, townships; in some, election districts; in Delaware, hundreds; and in 
Louisiana, parishes. 

tCalled by different names in different States, generally either committee, trustee, 
inspector or director. 









OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 113 


States in the early part of each year, and elect their own Officers 
for conducting the ‘public affairs of the town. They have p iwer 
to order money to be Raised for public improvement, the repair 
of roads, bridges, and all other ‘objects that may be needed. They 
also at stated ‘periods, either ‘annually or once in two years, as the 
State laws ‘direct, elect their representatives to serve in the State 
‘legislature. The State elections are generally held in October or 
‘November. The name of the ‘executive officer of a town or town¬ 
ship .varies. In ‘some States he is called supervisor; in others, the 
first ‘select-man ; in others, the‘chairman of the board of trustees.* 
The duty also ‘varies, but consists in‘supervising and carrying out 
the laws of a town. He may be consulted about the roads, bridges, 
taxes, debts, the support of the poor, and all matters to which the 
‘variable town ‘statutes apply. The executive officer of a town 
‘exercises similar but less authority than the mayor of a city. The 
mayor of a city ‘exercises similar but less than the governor of a 
State. The governor of a State ‘exercises similar but less author¬ 
ity than the ‘President of the United States. 

(§ 3.) The town clerk has charge of the ‘records, books, and all 
the written ‘documents of a town. He is required to keep a ‘cor¬ 
rect record of the ‘proceedings of each town meeting; the names 
of all persons elected to office ; and ‘return to the county clerk the 
names of all ‘constables and justices of the peace. In some ‘States 
the town as well as the county clerk is ‘required to keep a record 
of all ‘deeds and other ‘conveyances of property. The names and 
duties of the other town officials ‘vary in the different States. 
There are generally elected ‘assessors, overseers of the poor, over¬ 
seers of the highways, a treasurer, ‘collector of taxes, fence viewers, 
pound keepers, and various school officers. 

(g 4.) The larger the body politic the greater the ‘taxation, and 
the corresponding ‘advantages of increased wealth, additional 
safety, and ‘security of life and‘property. The people of a school 
district are ‘sovereign in their own local and municipal ‘capacity. 
They are not, however, ‘independent of, but only form part of 
the town, and have to ‘submit to taxation, not only for the sup¬ 
port of their own district, but also for town ‘purposes. The peo¬ 
ple of a town are ‘sovereign, but submit to additional ‘taxation 
for the support and the advantages of a county ‘government. 
The people of a ‘county are sovereign, but submit to additional 
‘taxation for the ‘support and the advantages of a State ‘govern¬ 
ment. 

(g 5.) The people of a State are ‘sovereign, but ‘submit to addi¬ 
tional ‘taxation-for the support and for the advantages of a supreme 
‘National Government, which is‘entirely under the‘authority of 
the constitutional majority of all the people of the whole Union. 
A citizen is sovereign on his own premises ; when he ‘attends the 
school or local district meeting he loses ‘perfect sovereignty, and 


* There are usually three or more selectmen or trusteos chosen for each town or 
township. The first selectman, or the chairman of the trustees, is the presiding officer. 


10* 







114 SYNOPSIS, PARALLEL, AND SPHERE 


is i partner with every other voter, or elector. A 'majority are 
then sovereign in their own district. A 'majority of all the electors 
of all the 'districts are sovereign in their own town. A 'majority 
of all the electors of all the towns are 'sovereign in their own 
county. A 'majority of all the electors of all the counties are 
sovereign in their own State; and a'majority of all the electors 
of all the States 'attain the highest sovereign 'power in the supreme 
National ’Government. 

($ 6.) This then is a 'government not of one section more than 
'another, not of one State more than ’another, but it is an equal 
government 'composed of each and every 'individual. The vote 
of the most ignorant, or the poorest, or the most depraved 'elector 
in elevating or destroying the ’Government, has equal and exactly 
the'same power as the vote of the best informed, or the richest, or 
the 'purest. Human 'progress indicates compact continental 'self- 
governments. The loss of the least 'particle of territory is like the 
'loss of substantial material from a perfect 'temple. 

($ 7.) The 'government of a large city - resembles that of a 
State. The voters cannot all 'assemble in one place to elect officers 
and transact public business. The various wards 'correspond to 
the towns or 'election districts where the electors meet and cast 
their ballots. The 'mayor is the chief executive officer, similar to 
the governor. Aldermen act as 'magistrates, hold courts, take 
acknowledgment of deeds, and 'perform similar duties in the wards 
that the justices of the peace do in the 'towns. The select and 
common council of a city 'correspond to the Senate and House of 
Representatives of a State. The 'assessors and collectors have 
similar duties to those of the same name in 'country towns. The 
people of a city are 'sovereign in their own 'municipal capacity. 
They elect their own 'legislators, the select and common 'council, 
who enact 'ordinances or city laws, that after being signed by the 
mayor are supreme, 'provided they do not confiict with the State 
or United States constitution and laws. 

($ 8.) The city 'authorities lay and 'collect taxes for the city 
government, but the State law is 'universal. Every citizen of every 
ward as well as of a town is assessed and 'taxed to defray the 
expenses of a State 'government, the same as every 'citizen of a 
State is taxed, either'directly or indirectly,* to defray the 'expenses 
of the United States Government. A city has'courts f of civil and 
criminal 'jurisdiction. Suits at law where great interests are at 
stake may generally be 'carried from a city to the 'county court, 
from the county to the 'higher State court, and finally from a 
State court to the Supreme Court of the 'United States. 

($9.) A clerk of a court is 'required to keep an exact record of 
all its proceedings. When a case has been once 'decided it is con- 


* Most of the revenue of the United States is collected by duties on imported mer¬ 
chandise, and by variable taxes on manufactured goods, collected by officers of the 
internal revenue. 

fin many States the mayor of a city or the burgess of a borough presides over the 
highest criminal court. 












OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 115 


elusive, unless it is taken to a higher court; but a’decision in the 
Supreme Court of the United States is ’final, and all the parties to 
it and their heirs must ’forever abide by it. An ’attorney at law 
is a person learned in law, and ’licensed by a court to practice or 
aid any one in conducting a suit within its ’jurisdiction. A re¬ 
porter is licensed by the ’Supreme Court of a State or of the United 
States, to report its ’judicial opinions and decisions, which, after 
they have been ’carefully examined by the ’judges, are ’published 
in volumes, and become precedents of ’authority for aiding, in 
’similar cases, the decision of courts for all future time. 

(§ 10.) This unique ’compendium of political science is pre¬ 
sented to the guardians of public ’education as a suitable vade 
mecum for every family in the Union. It is the favorite school¬ 
book for the home circle. The older members, parents and even grand¬ 
parents , study the great chart of civil liberty, con Over its principles, 
draw comparisons, and deduce that the unexampled growth and pros¬ 
perity of the whole country pre-eminently above any other that 
ever existed, was precisely in proportion >to the faithful observance 
of the just and wise provisions of the Constitution. As in the 
living body, an injury to even one of its minutest parts affects the 
general health, so in our gre-at model Republic, a calamity or an 
aggression on the rights of the people of even a small section 
injuriously affects the entire Commonwealth. An abiding desire 
to understand and appreciate the supreme law of the land forms 
the only safe guarantee of the continuance of its pure principles and 
of its perpetuity. 

In the United States the constitutional majority of the people is 
the ultimate source of all power. They may alter or even abolish 
entirely every vestige of free government. This was in reality the 
case with the people of unhappy France in 1793. A republic in 
name, when perverted, may become in reality an engine to crush 
every principle of rational liberty with the most wanton cruelty. 
No political party is permanent. An insignificant minority may 
in the course of years gain the ascendency. Self-government can¬ 
not long endure unless a reverence for its sacred principles is 
incessantly and thoroughly inculcated. It is a self-evident truth 
that an ignorant people are incapable of self-government. 

(§ 11.) The ’superintending power of God was acknowledged in 
all their proceedings by the ’founders of the American Govern¬ 
ment. In the Declaration of’Independence they appealed to “ the 
Supreme ’Judge of the world,” with “ a firm reliance on 1 Divine 
Providence ” In the ’Continental Congress, and all national ’legis¬ 
lative bodies since the country gained its ’independence, the busi¬ 
ness of the day is preceded by’imploring the “ aid of Divine 
Power.” The Journal of .’Congress, Sept. 11th, 1777, shows that 
a committee was ’appointed to have thirty thousand copies of the 
’Bible published at the expense of the colonkil government. It 
was ’found that the requisite type and paper could not at that 








116 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

time be Obtained. Afterwards Congress 'superintended by a com¬ 
mittee the'printing of the first 'edition of the Bible ever published 
in America, and 'recommended it to the people. 

($ 12.) In this way they showed their 'profound 'veneration and 
high 'appreciation of the Sacred Scriptures. It is made 'obligatory 
by the Constitution of the'United States on all who are employed 
in the 'administration of national affairs, to take a'solemn oath or 
affirmation to support the 'Government. This is the most 'binding, 
sacred appeal that can ever be made by 'mortal man to the 'omni¬ 
scient AND 'OMNIPRESENT RuLER OF THE 'UNIVERSE. (g 13.) All 
State 'Legislatures, and all the various literary 'institutions of a 
higher order 'throughout the entire Union follow the noble example 
of 'Congress. Let it be 'constantly borne in mind that the 'degen¬ 
eracy of the lawmakers of a republic is a 'positive proof of the 
'degeneracy of tlie x voters who elect them. Washington attained his 
pre-eminent position to ennoble human nature and bless the world 
by the most sedulous home education.* The praises of the illus¬ 
trious founders of our 'Sovereign Confederacy should fall gently, like 
the insensible dews of heaven, on the millions of the 'eager im¬ 
bibing minds of children, from the lips of the mothers, 'around the 
millions of'endeared hearth-stones throughout our entire country. 

(§ 14.) There is a 'remarkable resemblance between our 'Gov¬ 
ernment and the ancient Jewish 'Commonwealth,! which was a 
'Theocracy. The 'religious faith and the political rule were kept 
'entirely separate. The judges or 'executive officers of Judea were 
( chosen by the people from 'amongst themselves. The 'priests did 
j not interfere officially in political affairs. The 'politicians never 
i meddled with 'religion, but 'Jehovah was the 'acknowledged 
'Supreme Head of the nation. The decline of the 'Hebrew State 
began with the disaffection and rebellious desire of the 'people for 
a king, whom the Almighty finally granted, to prove that nations 
as well as 'individuals are punished for their sins. 

(| 15.) In like 'manner the United States are a 'Theocracy,! a 
'federated republic of a vast people, “ whose 'rulers are of them¬ 
selves/’ Religion is a matter of'right. The various peculiar 
forms of'worship are 'optional. There is no union of Church and 
State; the Government neither'knows nor can know any religious 
system. By 'solemn supreme law all sects, and therefore the 
'clergy of all sects, are equal. They cannot legally'interfere with 
politics except as 'individual citizens. The officers of the civil 
system are equally 'prohibited from upholding any sect in theology, 
or,even 'religion itself, in the management of the affairs of State. 

Adoration of the Almighty Ruler of the Universe is interwoven 
with every lineament of our government. The Supreme Head, the 
1 acknowledged and only ruler of the United States , is l God. 


* See the Thinker, Part II., pages 114-121-124-128-131-151-176. Also, Thinker, Part 
III., pages 41-44-66 and 126. 

f See Origin and Progress of Government, page 32 ; also, pages 46 and 47 of Amer¬ 
ican Manual. 

X There is a motto on many of the national coins, In God we trust. 




















AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION *OF INDEPENDENCE AND OF JEFFERSON’S 

MANUAL. 


( 146 ) 






















































































I 118 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 


j 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

A Declaration by the representatives of the United States of America, 

| in Congress assembled. Passed, Thursday, July 4, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and 
equal station to which the laws of nature, and of nature's God, entitle 
them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires, that they 
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

I We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created 
equal; that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalien- 
j able rights; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi¬ 
ness. That, to secure these rights governments are instituted among 
I men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, 
j whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it 
j is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new 
j government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its 
j powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
| safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments, 
long established, should not be changed for light and tiansient causes ; 

I and accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more dis- 
j posed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves, by 
j abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
j evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
I right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
I of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
i to alter their former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
| ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
j tions, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute 
! tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
j candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
| for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press¬ 
ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 
I should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
I to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
; tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre¬ 
sentation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom¬ 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the 
sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses, repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; 












DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 119 


the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of 
invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that j 
purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing 
to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the con- 
| ditions of new appropriations of lands. 

i He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
I to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

| He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, without 
t the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign ! 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent ; 
to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock-trial, from punishment for any mur¬ 
ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us, without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov¬ 
ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it, at once, an example and a fit instrument | 
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering fundamentally, the forms of our government: — For sus¬ 
pending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us, in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government he^re, by declaring us out of his pro- j 
| tection , and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and j 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

j He is at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, ; 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun I 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the j 
most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation, l 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their j 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored 
to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all 
ages, sexes, and conditions. — In every stage of these oppressions we have 
petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms: our repeated petitions 
have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose charac¬ 
ter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to 
be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions 
to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 






























120 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 


attempts, by their legislature, to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction 
over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigra¬ 
tion and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common 
kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspondence. They too, have been deaf to the 
! voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in 
the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we 
hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, 
in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world, for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the 
authority, of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare, That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free 
and Independent States; and that they are absolved from all alle¬ 
giance to the British crown, and that all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; 

! and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full power to 
levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to 
do all other acts and things, which Independent States may of right 
do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, 
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 





















































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